José Smith/Poligamia

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José Smith y la poligamia

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Joseph Smith es atacada con frecuencia por su introducción y práctica de la poligamia. Estos ataques suelen centrarse en el argumento de que:

1. La poligamia no es cristiano o no bíblico
2. José se ocultó la verdad sobre la práctica de la poligamia
3. La poligamia es ilegal, y por lo tanto inadecuada
4. La poligamia surgido de los deseos carnales de José
5. José deseaba casarse con mujeres jóvenes
6. José se casó con mujeres que ya estaban casadas con otros hombres (poliandria)

El matrimonio plural fue tal vez el mayor desafío para los primeros miembros de la Iglesia. Las elecciones de los primeros miembros de practicar la poligamia a menudo no se consideran en el contexto.

Esposas plurales de José Smith

Esposas plurales de José Smith

Sumario: Lista de pluralidad de esposas de José, con enlaces a los reclamos críticos relacionados con varias esposas específicas de Joseph Smith.

Implementación del matrimonio plural

La iniciación de la práctica

Sumario: ¿Cuándo y cómo el matrimonio plural comienza en la Iglesia?

• • Los Cochranistas como la fuente de la práctica del matrimonio plural entre los mormones?—
    Sumario: Hizo otro grupo religioso desde la década de 1830 - los "cochranistas" - actuar como la fuente para el matrimonio plural en la fe Mormona?

No fue el matrimonio plural realidad adulterio antes de 12 de julio 1843?

Sumario: ¿Muestra el testimonio de Lorenzo Snow que cualquier persona que practica el matrimonio plural antes de la fecha en que fue escrito D. y C. 132 (12 de julio 1843) fue culpable de adulterio? Puesto que José había entrado en los matrimonios plurales antes de esa fecha, fue Lorenzo esencialmente admitiendo que José era un adúltero?

Las obras de Abraham

Sumario: D & C 132 dice José y otros a "hacer las obras de Abraham." ¿Cuáles son las "obras de Abraham?"

¿Es la poligamia no bíblico?

Sumario: La crítica de que la poligamia es apelaciones irreligiosos a las sensibilidades occidentales que favorecen la monogamia, y argumenta que la poligamia es incompatible con el cristianismo bíblico o (irónicamente) el Libro de Mormón en sí.

¿El Libro de Mormón condena la poligamia?

Sumario: Los críticos utilizan el libro de Jacob para mostrar que el Libro de Mormón condena la práctica de la poligamia, y pasar a afirmar que José Smith ignoró esta restricción mediante la introducción de la doctrina del matrimonio plural.

Declaraciones temprano cristianas sobre el matrimonio plural

Sumario: Existe una amplia evidencia inequívoca de que las relaciones polígamas fueron condonados en diversas circunstancias por los profetas bíblicos, a pesar de lo incómodo que esto podría hacer un cristiano moderno. El élder Orson Pratt fue ampliamente visto como el vencedor en un debate de tres días sobre este mismo punto con el reverendo John P. Newman, capellán del Senado de los EE.UU., en 1870.^[1]

¿Se polígamos les permite ir más allá de "límites" normales?

Sumario: ¿Es verdad que José Smith Brigham Young y admitieron que la práctica de la poligamia significó que eran "libres para ir más allá de los" límites 'normal "y" las normas generales rigen interacción social no se habían aplicado al "José Smith?

Critics' claimed motivations for Joseph's implementation of plural marriage

Did Joseph have "lustful motives" for practicing polygamy?

Sumario: Neutral observers have long understood that this attack is probably the weakest of them all. One might reasonably hold the opinion that Joseph was wrong, but in the face of the documentary evidence it is laughable to argue that he and his associates were insincere or that they were practicing their religion only for power and to satisfy carnal desires. Those who insist that “sex is the answer” reveal more about their own limited perspective than they do of the minds of the early Saints.

Critical claims that Joseph had a youthful struggle with unchastity

Sumario: Some critics charge that Joseph Smith had youthful struggles with immoral actions. They claim that these are what eventually led him to teach the doctrine of plural marriage.

Did Joseph Smith have a long history of "womanizing" before practicing plural marriage?

Sumario: Critics charge that Joseph Smith had a long history of "womanizing" before practicing plural marriage. This chapter includes Eliza Winters and Marinda Nancy Johnson.

Did Joseph Smith send men on missions in order to "steal" their wives while they were gone?

Sumario: Beginning with LDS dissident John C. Bennett, some have charged that Joseph would send men on missions in order to marry their wives. Does this claim match the historical evidence?

Keeping plural marriage a secret

Hiding the truth about polygamy

Sumario: It is true that Joseph did not always tell others about plural marriage. He did, however, make some attempt to teach the doctrine to the Saints. It is thus important to realize that the public preaching of polygamy—or announcing it to the general Church membership, thereby informing the public by proxy—was simply not a feasible plan. Critics of Joseph's choice want their audience to ignore the danger to him and the Saints.

Illegal to practice polygamy?

Sumario: Polygamy was certainly declared illegal during the Utah-era anti-polygamy crusade, and was arguably illegal under the Illinois anti-bigamy statutes. This is hardly new information, and Church members and their critics knew it. Modern members of the Church generally miss the significance of this fact, however: the practice of polygamy was a clear case of civil disobedience.

Did Joseph write secret "love letters" to any of his polygamous wives?

Sumario: Is it true that on 18 August 1842 Joseph Smith wrote a “love letter” to Sarah Ann Whitney requesting a secret rendezvous or "tryst?" Joseph had been sealed to Sarah Ann three weeks prior to this time. What does this letter actually say?

Entering into plural marriage

Why was Joseph sealed to young women?

Sumario: Critics argue that Joseph Smith's polygamous marriages to young women are evidence that he was immoral, perhaps even a pedophile.

Fanny Alger and William McLellin

Sumario: With a lone exception, there is no account after Joseph’s death of Emma admitting Joseph’s plural marriages in any source. The reported exception is recorded in a newspaper article and two letters written by excommunicated Latter-day Saint apostle William E. McLellin. The former apostle claimed to have visited Emma in 1847 and to have discussed Joseph’s relationship with Fanny Alger. McLellin also reported a tale he had heard about Joseph and Fanny Alger in which they were allegedly observed by Emma together in the barn.

Women locked in a room

Sumario: Were women locked in a room while Joseph attempted to persuade them?

Did Joseph Smith coerce women to marry him?

Sumario: Some have claimed that Joseph applied significant pressure on women to be married to him.

Did women turn Joseph down?

Sumario: Some have claimed that significant pressure was put on women to practice plural marriage in Nauvoo. Did any of these women resist or refuse? What were the consequences of doing so?

Complex plural marriages

Joseph Smith and polyandry

Sumario: Joseph Smith was sealed to women who were married to men who were still living. Some of these men were even active members of the Church.

• • Zina and Henry Jacobs

Claimed mismanagement of the Lawrence estate

Sumario: Joseph Smith was appointed the guardian of two daughters, Maria and Sarah Lawrence, and their inheritance. He later married them in plural marriage. The evidence shows that Joseph Smith faithfully discharged his legal duties, despite the claims made by some nineteeth-century and modern critics.

How Emma Smith dealt with plural marriage

What was Emma's reaction to Joseph's practice of polygamy?

Sumario: Critics contend that Emma Hale Smith either did not approve of the Prophet Joseph Smith having plural wives or know of the revelation concerning celestial marriage(s).

• • Eliza R. Snow and the stairs—
    Sumario: Some charge that Eliza R. Snow, one of Joseph's plural wives, was pregnant by Joseph. According to the claim, a furious Emma pushed Eliza down the stairs, resulting in a miscarriage.
  • Emma to be annihilated—
    Sumario: In the revelation D&C 132 Emma was promised annihilation if she failed to 'abide this commandment.'
  • Sealing of Emma to Joseph—
    Sumario: Critics contend that although Emma Hale Smith was Joseph's first wife, that Joseph was sealed to other wives before being sealed to Emma. The assumption follows that Emma was not in a position to consent to Joseph's other marriages, since she was not longer the "first wife."

Consequences of plural marriage

Did Joseph have any children through polygamous marriages?

Sumario: Is it possible that Joseph Smith fathered children with some of his plural wives, and that he covered up the evidence of pregnancies? Did Joseph Smith have intimate relations with other men’s wives to whom he had been sealed, and did any children result from these unions? DNA testing has so far proven these allegations to be false.

• • Did Mrs. Hyde not know whether Orson or Joseph fathered her child?—
    Sumario: There is no evidence to support this claim. Anti-Mormon sources sometimes confuse Hyde with Prescindia Buell.
  • Did Sarah Pratt (Mrs. Orson Pratt) not know whether Orson or Joseph fathered her child?—
    Sumario: There is no evidence to support this claim. Anti-Mormon sources sometimes confuse Pratt with Prescindia Buell.
  • Did Prescindia Lathrop Huntington Buell not know whether Orson or Joseph fathered her child?—
    Sumario: DNA testing rules out Joseph as the father of one child, and it is historically implausible that they were even together at the right time to conceive a child. A second child has been posited, but only on evidence from a very dubious source.

Other issues related to the practice of polygamy

Sealing brother and sister together

Sumario: Critics announce that Joseph "sealed" brothers and sisters together, perhaps hoping that readers will conclude that brothers and sisters were thus married and engaging in incestuous relationships.

• Divorce issues in 19th centuryMormon ordinances/Divorce/Nineteenth century

Videos

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Notas

1. [back] Charles W. Penrose, "Peculiar Questions Briefly Answered," Improvement Era 15 no. 11 (September 1912).
2. [back] Orson Pratt and John Philip Newman, “Does the Bible Sanction Polygamy?” Deseret News, 12–14 August 1874.
3. [back]  Bernard Shaw, The Future of Political Science in America; an Address by Mr. Bernard Shaw to the Academy of Political Science, at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York, on the 11th. April, 1933 (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1933) as cited in Richard Vetterli, Mormonism Americanism and Politics (Salt Lake City: Ensign Publishing, 1961), 461–462.
4. [back]  Brigham Young, "Plurality of Wives—The Free Agency of Man," (14 July 1855) Journal of Discourses 3:266-266
5. [back]  Van Wagoner, Mormon Polygamy, 89.