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Latter-day Saint Temples/Inverted Stars on LDS Temples
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== Some critics of the LDS Church claim that the inverted five-pointed star on some of its temples are a symbol of evil and thereby demonstrate that Mormonism is not really a Christian religion.
Detailed Analysis
==
The inverted five-ponted star was first displayed on the exterior of an LDS temple in Nauvoo, Illinois in the early 1840s.
http://www.templestudy.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/NauvooTemple-WilliamWeeks.jpg
The Prophet Joseph Smith indicated that he received the pattern for the Nauvoo Temple by revelation (cf. D&C 124:42). He told the architect of the project, "I have seen in vision the splendid appearance of that building illuminated, and will have it built according to the pattern shown me." (History of the Church, 6:196-97). The Prophet also stated that he had seen at least one of the exterior symbols of that temple in this vision. (See Josiah Quincy, Figures of the Past From the Leaves of Old Journals [Boston: Roberts Brothers, 1883], 389).
One of the foremen who helped to build the Nauvoo Temple recorded what the emblems on its exterior represented. He said,
- "The order of architecture was unlike anything in existence; it was purely original, being a representation of the Church, the Bride, the Lamb’s wife. John the Revelator, in the 12 chapter [and] first verse of [the book of Revelation,] says, 'And there appeared a great wonder in heaven; a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of twelve stars.' This is portrayed in the beautifully cut stone of this grand temple." (Wandle Mace, Autobiography, 207, Special Collections, Harold B. Lee Library, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah).
Joseph Smith revealed the connection between the heavenly woman of the apostle John's vision and the restored Church. In the Prophet's revision of the King James Bible he modified Revelation chapter 12 verses 1 and 7 to read: “And there appeared a great sign in heaven, in the likeness of things on the earth; a woman clothed with the sun, and the moon under her feet, and upon her head a crown of twelve stars . . . the woman . . . was the Church of God.” (JST Revelation 12:1, 7).
This is the same arrangement of the symbols on the exterior pilasters of the Nauvoo Temple -- moon (bottom), sun (middle), and stars (top).
The stars are associated in the book of Revelation passage with a "crown" which is a symbol of royalty. In another section of the book of Revelation Jesus Christ proclaims His descent through the royal lineage that is within the house of Israel and then pronounces one of His titles: "I am the . . . offspring of David, and the bright . . . morning star" (Rev. 22:16). This is the title that nineteenth century Latter-day Saints assigned to the inverted five-pointed star. One of these emblems was put into place on the east tower of the Logan, Utah temple in 1880. An eyewitness to the event reported the following which was printed in a major newspaper: "Carved upon the keystone is a magnificent star, called the Star of the Morning." (Deseret Evening News, vol. 13, no. 228, 20 August 1880, 3).
In 1985 LDS Church Architect Emil B. Fetzer stated that the inverted stars on early LDS temples were not sinister but were “symbolic of Christ.” He said that when the LDS Church “uses the pentagram or sunstone in an admirable, wholesome and uplifting context, this does not preclude another organization’s using the same symbols in an evil context.” ("The Public Forum," Salt Lake Tribune, 13 November 1985, A–15).
A connection between the "inverted pentagram" and Satan "is almost certainly a 19th century invention by Eliphas Levi," who was a "defrocked priest." (The Mathematical Gazette, vol. 78, no. 483, November 1994, 319). He did not begin publishing references to this idea until 1854, a decade after the death of the Prophet Joseph Smith.
Below are links to examples of the inverted five-pointed star in ancient Christian usage and also numerous modern, non-evil usages.
Christian Churches
Kaarma, Estonia, Church of St. Peter and St. Paul
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Kaarma_kirik_2005.jpg
Amiens, France, cathedral, north transept window
http://www.flickr.com/photos/nirakara/90699580/
Market Church, Hanover, Germany
Church pew, Europe, 12th century
Chartres, France, niche surrounding Madonna and Child statue
http://gallery.photo.net/photo/5509174-md.jpg
St. Mary's church, Adderbury, Oxfordshire
http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2033/2290582865_9a088976cc.jpg?v=0
St. Bartholomew church, Ucero, Spain
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:SanBartolome-Roseton.jpg
Lisbon, Portugal cathedral cloister
http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3277/2844347658_12a58299b1.jpg?v=0
Christian Artwork
Berthold Missal, Germany, ca. AD 1215
http://www.themorgan.org/collections/collections.asp?id=80
Portfolio of Villard de Honnecourt
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Villard_de_Honnecourt_-_Sketchbook_-_18.jpg
Jewish Synagogue
1862, Los Angeles, California
http://www.wilshireboulevardtemple.org/content/images/1stBnaiBrithTemple__1_2_2147.jpg
Medal of Honor
http://www.army.mil/medalofhonor/crandall/images/medalLarge.jpg
Boy Scouts of America
http://bethany-umc.org/files/Images-General/Boy%20Scouts%20of%20America.jpg
Coat of Arms
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Efringen.png
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Schlotheim_historisch.svg
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wappen_Weiler-Rems.png
Flags
Dutch municipality flag
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Haaksbergen.svg
Arkansas state flag
http://www.usc.edu/dept/gero/nrcshhm/directory/States_Images/ar-flag.gif
"Great Star" flag (USA)
http://www.jeffbridgman.com/inventory/files/flags.42.1.jpg
Miscellaneous
Camp Stella Maris
http://www.campstellamaris.org/
Faultless Starch
http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2152/3541553634_962bf499f4.jpg
Tempstar Heating and Cooling logo
http://hartwigheating.com/images/tempstar.png
Republican Party logo
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/gv/d/d9/Republicanlogo.png
Victoria Police Department badge
http://bruceandfran.files.wordpress.com/2009/06/victoria_police.jpg
United States Navy
http://www.engravingsbykirk.com/images/Insignia/insignia_1.jpg
Order of the Eastern Star
http://image-reflections.com/xcart/images/T/EasternStar.png
Christmas Star
http://i03.c.aliimg.com/img/offer/80/52/45/94/80524594
Grammy Awards logo
http://www.fonearena.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/Anant/grammy_logo_090204.jpg
Nutrition Program
http://www.co.nash.nc.us/Portals/0/Graphics/HLT/winnerscircle.jpg
Micmac Sign for Heaven
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Our_Father_in_heaven_-_Mikmaq_hierogl.gif
Armagh Observatory Seal (watermark)
http://www.arm.ac.uk/press/Lunar_eclipse0503_pr.html
Post Civil War Parade Stand
http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1865/civil-war-parade_Picture2.jpg
Steamboat Decoration
http://www.oldprintshop.com/images/large/53206.jpg
Further Reading
Some people view either upright or inverted five-pointed stars in an adverse way. For sources that address both of these configurations in several modern and ancient cultures see the following: Jan Schouten, The Pentagram as a Medical Symbol: An Iconological Study (Netherlands: H&DG Publishers, 1968), 98 pp.; Piotr Sadowski, “Sir Gawain’s Pentacle: The Imago Hominis and the Virtue of Temperance” in Piotr Sadowski, The Knight on His Quest: Symbolic Patterns of Transition in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1996), 109–49; Koji Miyazaki, “A Mystic History of Fivefold Symmetry in Japan” in Istvan Hargittai, ed., Fivefold Symmetry (River Edge, NJ: World Scientific Publishing, 1992), 361–93 [see esp. p. 368]; William F. Albright, “Light on the Jewish State in Persian Times,” Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research, no. 53, February 1934, 20; Steen E. Rasmussen, Experiencing Architecture (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1962), 107; Marie-Therese Zenner, ed., Villard’s Legacy: Studies in Medieval Technology, and Art (Burlington, VT: Ashgate, 2004), 7–8, nt. #8; Robert S. Hawker, Footprints of Former Men in Far Cornwall (New York: John Lane, 1903), 13–14 [see esp. fig. 2 adjacent to p. 14 – chancel roof boss, Morwenstow]; John McClintock and James Strong, Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature (New York: Harper and Brothers, 1889), 7:901 [interpreted as “representing the five fingers of the hand of Omnipotence”]; Valerie C. Coffey, “Does Venus Form a Pentacle as it Moves Across the Sky?” Sky and Telescope, vol. 112, no. 10, 2006, 102; Alva W. Steffler, Symbols of the Christian Faith (Grand Rapids, MI: Eerdmans, 1992), 82; Arthur C. Fox-Davies, A Complete Guide to Heraldry (Edinburgh: T. C. and E. C. Jack, 1909), 295–96. Ancient Egyptian five-pointed star symbolism http://www.egyptianmyths.net/star.htm Nineteenth century American flag with 35 stars arranged in an inverted ‘Great Star’ pattern http://www.jeffbridgman.com/inventory/index.php?id=1&page=out ; no author listed, “The Pentagram,” http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/anti-masonry/pentagram.html ; Inverted pentacle located “on the ancient synagogue of Tell Hum” – “Magen David,” The Jewish Encyclopedia, 252 http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=38&letter=M&search=magen%20david Abbey McGehee, “Reappraising the Design Methods of Medieval Architecture,” Metascience, vol. 18, no. 3, November 2009, 455–58 http://www.springerlink.com/content/97825qvvh48175up/