Origin of the priesthood ban

Priesthood ban
Native Americans

The origin of the priesthood ban

The origin of the priesthood ban is one of the most difficult questions to answer. Its origins are not clear, and this affected both how members and leaders have seen the ban, and the steps necessary to rescind it. The Church has never provided an official reason for the ban.

Members have generally taken one of three perspectives:

  1. the ban was based on revelation to Joseph Smith, and was continued by his successors until President Kimball
  2. the ban did not originate with Joseph Smith, but was implemented by Brigham Young by revelation
  3. the ban began as a series of administrative policy decisions, rather than a revealed doctrine, and drew partly upon ideas regarding race common in mid-19th century America. The passage of time gave greater authority to this policy than intended.

The difficulty in deciding between these options arises because:
a) there is no contemporary account of a revelation underlying the ban; but
b) many early members nevertheless believed that there had been such a revelation; and
c) priesthood ordination of African blacks was a rare event, which became even more rare with time.

The history behind the practice in the modern Church of withholding the priesthood based on race is described well by Lester Bush in a 1984 book.[1] A good timeline can be found at FAIR's BlackLDS site: FAIR link.

Joseph Smith's Administration (1830-1844)

As Mormons settled into Missouri, some of their viewpoints about slavery (DC 101꞉79,DC 87꞉4) did not mesh well with those of the older settlers. The 1831 Nat Turner Rebellion left many southerners nervous as church leaders later recognized: "All who are acquainted with the situation of slave States, know that the life of every white is in constant danger, and to insinuate any thing which could possibly be interpreted by a slave, that it was not just to hold human beings in bondage, would be jeopardizing the life of every white inhabitant in the country.[2]" Unfortunately, this recognition came after mobs persecuted the Missouri saints and destroyed their press in part because of W. W. Phelps's editorials supporting abolition.[3]

Under these precarious conditions, early missionaries were instructed to not teach or baptize slaves without their master's wishes (see DC 134꞉12). Late, perhaps unreliable, recollections suggest that Joseph Smith received inspiration that blacks should not be ordained while contemplating the situation in the South.[4] These accounts must be weighed against records of free blacks receiving the priesthood such as Black Pete (1831 OH), Elijah Abel (1835 OH), Joseph T. Ball (1837 MA), Isaac van Meter (<1837 ME), and Walker and Enoch Lewis (Fall 1843-Nov. 1844 MA). Since Ohio had a law discouraging Blacks from migrating there, this put a damper on early proselyting efforts which were largely based on the principle of the gathering.[5] Parley Pratt wrote in 1839 that the Church had less than a dozen Black members.[6]

Other notable events during Joseph Smith tenure

1830 The Book of Mormon was published. It describes an inherited, yet not immutable, Lamanite curse associated with skin color brought on by apostasy and schism. 1830 The Book of Moses was revealed. It expands on curses given to Cain, Lamech, and their lands (Moses 5꞉25,36,52,56). It also describes a cursed nation and region called Caanan during Enoch's dispensation due to apostasy (Moses 7꞉8,10,15,20).
1831 According to W. W. Phelps very late recollection, Joseph Smith received a revelation encouraging Saints to marry Indians.
1831 Many members are caught up in a wave of false revelations in Ohio. Black Pete is excommunicated for his spurious prophetic claims. Pete may have brought up the possibility of interracial marriage with Joseph Smith, but no revelation addressing white/black unions was forthcoming.
1835 The Book of Abraham was revealed. It addresses a Pharaoh's lack of priesthood rights and associates that with Pharaoh's Canaanite blood and lineage from Ham, Egyptus (meaning forbidden), and the first Pharaoh that Noah cursed (Abraham 1꞉21-27). It also described a premortal council wherein noble spirits were selected to become rulers. (Abraham 3꞉22-27))
1836 Patriarchal blessing given to Elijah Abel. "To be made equal to thy brethren", but no lineage declared. Elijah Abel ordained a seventy and received the Kirtland endowment, the last known black male to participate in a temple ordinance until 1978. He may have just missed another opportunity by serving a mission during Joseph Smith's introduction of Nauvoo temple ordinances.
1837 Wilford Woodruff noted the apostasy of Isaac van Meter.
1841 Joseph Smith expounded on Noah's curse on Canaan. Canaan accused Noah of being drunk. Noah cursed him and the curse has persisted with his posterity until then. Brigham H. Roberts, Comprehensive History of the Church (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1965), 4:445. GospeLink
1842 Joseph Smith identifies contemporary blacks as the seed of Cain Brigham H. Roberts, Comprehensive History of the Church (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1965), 4:501. GospeLink.
184? Joseph Smith taught that, upon conversion, gentile blood is transmuted into Israelite blood. This might be an overlooked explanation for why exceptional blacks were ordained during Joseph Smith's tenure as their cursed blood would no longer be an issue on an individual basis.
184? Patriarchal blessing for Anthony Stebbings, Jane Manning's brother-in-law and the man whom Joseph Smith, in the capacity of municipal judge, fined for the unlicensed selling of liquor. Joseph was moved to sell his horse to help Anthony raise money to free his daughter from slavery.
1844 Joseph Smith, in the capacity of municipal judge, fined a a pair of black men for proposing to a white woman in violation of an anti-miscegenation statute.
1844 Joseph Smith's presidential platform made provisions for gradually freeing slaves. Josiah Quincy would later praise Joseph as being ahead of his time.
1844 Jane Manning invited to be sealed to Joseph Smith.

Those who hold that the ban had a revelatory basis see the early ordinations as events which occurred prior to the revelation or without knowledge of it, while those who see the ban as more of a social/cultural phenomenon point to these ordinations as an example of the "pragmatic grounds" upon which decisions about black ordination were made.

Early Brigham Young's Administration 1844-1852

The start of Brigham Young's administration saw a continuation of Joseph Smith's policies. William McCary was baptized and ordained at Winter Quarters in October 1846. The following March, Brigham acknowledged the validity of the ordination of Walker Lewis that likely occurred during Joseph's tenure, "we [have] one of the best Elders an African in Lowell [,MA] -- a barber." [7] The priesthood ban then became more comprehensive to include not only slaves and free blacks in the South, but all persons deemed to have inherited the curse of Cain through Ham. Three pivotal events in this development were the apostasy of William McCary, the interracial marriage of Walker Lewis's son, and the passing of slavery legislation in Utah Territory.

McCary approached Brigham Young with complaints that racial discrimination was a motive behind other Mormon leaders questioning his strange teachings. President Young satisfied McCary that ideally race should not be the issue. Praising Walker Lewis as an example, Young suggested "Its nothing to do with the blood for [from] one blood has God made all flesh" and later added "we don't care about the color." [8] Shortly thereafter McCary was excommunicated for apostasy. In April, Brigham Young departed with the vanguard pioneer company for the Rocky Mountains only to return around December to face additional race-based problems.

In April, Elder Parley P. Pratt had warned of the Saints about following schisms led by those like James Strang and William McCary. Significantly he referred to William McCary as "this black man who has got the blood of Ham in him which linege was cursed as regards the priesthood" [9]. McCary had married a Stake President's white daughter and advocated polygamy before his excommunication and afterwards he began drawing away Mormon women to be sealed to him in a carnal manner.

Also awaiting Brigham was William Appleby, the president over eastern branches of the Church. He had encountered the Lewises and suspected William Smith had acted improperly by ordaining a black elder. He was also alarmed that Enoch Lewis had married a white wife and had a child. Brigham responded to this news in a manner that is, by modern sensitivities, quite disturbing (see Brigham Young on race mixing for more cultural context):

If they were far away from the gentiles they would all [have] to be killed -- when they mingle seed it is death to all. If a black man & white woman come to you & demand baptism can you deny them? The law is their seed shall not be amalgamated. Mulattoes [are] like mules they can't have children, but if they will be eunuchs for the Kingdom of Heaven's sake, they may have a place in the temple.[10]

Walker Lewis' biographer, Connell O'Donovan has argued "that William McCary’s troubling actions at Winter Quarters in the spring and fall of 1847, Young’s discovery of the Lewis-Webster marriage in December 1847, and Walker Lewis’ high standing in African Freemasonry, were the three most important factors in Brigham Young’s instigation of a priesthood ban against all men with African ancestry in late 1847 or early 1848."[11]

At this time it would appear that not only a priesthood restriction was in place, but a temple restriction as well. However, Brigham Young did not present a specific revelation on the subject. His most declarative statement "any man having one drop of the seed of [Cain] ... in him cannot hold the priesthood and if no other Prophet ever spake it before I will say it now in the name of Jesus Christ I know it is true and others know it" [12] was delivered in an 1852 legislative, rather than ecclesiastical forum. Those who believe the ban had a revelatory basis point to this as an example of a prophet learning "line upon line," with revelation being implemented more rigorously. Those who see the influence of cultural factors and institutional practice behind the ban consider this evidence that the ban was based on Brigham's cultural and scriptural assumptions, and point out that such beliefs were common among most Christians in Antebellum America.[13]

Later views

  • In 1879, John Taylor conducted an investigation and concluded the policy had started under Joseph Smith, rather than Brigham Young, despite receiving mixed information.[14]
  • As part of this investigation Zebedee Coltrin recalled that Joseph Smith said in 1834 that "the Spirit of the Lord saith the Negro had no right nor cannot hold the Priesthood." However, this claim is suspect given Coltrin's errors on the circumstances of Elijah Abel's ordination, participation in Kirtland temple ordinances, and retention in the Seventies quorum all under the supervision of Joseph Smith.[15]
  • President George Q. Cannon in 1895 asserted that some of Young's teachings about miscegenation and the seed of Cain had first been taught by Joseph Smith.[16]
  • Nearly forty years after the ban started, B.H. Roberts was the first to argue, based on the Book of Abraham, that the curse of Cain had continued to modern blacks through the lineage of Ham.[17]
  • Joseph Fielding Smith opined that blacks may have been less valiant in the pre-mortal conflict between God and Satan (however, he rejected that they may have been neutral in the war in heaven).[18]
  • David O. McKay believed that the ban was "not doctrine but...policy," as reported by Sterling McMurrin,[19] his son Llewelyn McKay,[20] and Elder Paul H. Dunn.[21] President McKay told Elder Marion D. Hanks that "he had pleaded and pleaded with the Lord, but had not had the answer he sought."[22]
  • The "Missouri policy theory" attributing the ban to Joseph Smith arising from condition in Missouri was first popularized in 1970 by author Stephen Taggert,[23] and President Hugh B. Brown reportedly embraced it.[24] Other authors found this theory wanting.[25]
  • Harold B. Lee was inclined to reconfirm the ban,[26] though Church Historian Leonard Arrington
...asserts that President Lee, shortly before his death, sought the Lord's will on the question of blacks and the priesthood during'three days and nights [of] fasting in the upper room of the temple,...but the only answer he received was "not yet." Arrington relied on an unidentified person close to President Lee, but President Lee's son-in-law and biographer found no record of such an incident and thought it doubtful.[27]

Following Joseph Fielding Smith's death, President Lee did say, "For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait until the Lord speaks...It's only a matter of time before the black achieves full status in the Church. We must believe in the justice of God. The black will achieve full status, we're just waiting for that time."[28]

President Kimball

  • President Kimball began his administration by holding a press conference. When asked about the ban, he said:
[I have given it] "a great deal of thought, a great deal of prayer. The day might come when they would be given the priesthood, but that day has not come yet. Should the day come it will be a matter of revelation. Before changing any important policy, it has to be through a revelation from the Lord."[29]
  • He had previously written to his son:
"...I have wished the Lord had given us a little more clarity in the matter. But for me, it is enough...I know the Lord could change His policy and release the ban and forgive the possible error (?) which brought about the deprivation. If the time comes, that He will do, I am sure."[30]
  • In 1976, he mentioned
"his concern for giving the priesthood to all men, and said that he had been praying about it for fifteen years without an answer...but I am going to keep praying about it."[31]

Endnotes

  1. [note] Lester E. Bush, Jr. and Armand L. Mauss, eds., Neither White Nor Black: Mormon Scholars Confront the Race Issue in a Universal Church, (Salt Lake City, Signature Books, 1984). ISBN 0941214222. off-site
  2. [note] Neither White nor Black, 56; citing Editor, "Outrage in Jackson County, Missouri," Evening and Morning Star 2 (January 1834), 122. off-siteGospeLink
  3. [note] Neither White nor Black, 55.
  4. [note]  Neither White nor Black, 61,77.
  5. [note] Neither White nor Black, 70–72.
  6. [note] For a history of such ideas in American Christian thought generally, see H. Shelton Smith, In His Image, But...: Racism in Southern Religion, 1780–1910 (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1972), 131. ISBN 082230273X.
  7. [note] Neither White nor Black, 77–78.
  8. [note] Neither White nor Black, 60–61, 77–78.
  9. [note] Neither White nor Black, 79–81.
  10. [note] B.H. Roberts, "To the Youth of Israel," The Contributor 6 (May 1885): 296–97.
  11. [note] Joseph Fielding Smith, Doctrines of Salvation, comp. Bruce R. McConkie, 3 vols., (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1954–56), 65.
  12. [note]  Sterling M. McMurrin and and L. Jackson Newell, Matters of Conscience: Conversations with Sterling M. McMurrin On Philosophy, Education, and Religion (Salt Lake City, UT: Signature Books, 1996), 199–201; cited in Edward L. Kimball, Lengthen Your Stride: The Presidency of Spencer W. Kimball (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2005), chapter 20, page 5, footnote 17. ISBN 1590384571 (CD version)
  13. [note] Kimball, Lengthen Your Stride, chapter 20, page 5, footnote 17.
  14. [note] Kimball, Lengthen Your Stride, chapter 20, page 5–, footnote 17.
  15. [note]  Kimball, Lengthen Your Stride, chapter 20 working draft, 13.
  16. [note] Kimball, Lengthen Your Stride, 204–205.
  17. [note] Kimball, Lengthen Your Stride, working draft chapter 20, page 22, footnote 105; citing for the affirmative Arrington, Adventures of a Church Historian and Arrington to author, February 10 and June 15, 1998; for the negative, L. Brent Goates, interview by author, February 9, 1998.
  18. [note] Steven Taggert, Mormonism's Negro Policy: Social and Historical Origins (Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, 1970).
  19. [note] Edwin B. Firmage, "Hugh B. Brown in His Final Years," Sunstone 11:6 no. (Issue #67) (November 1987), 7–8. off-site
  20. [note]  Newell K. Bringhurst, "The 'Missouri Thesis' Revisited: Early Mormonism, Slavery, and the Status of Black People," in Newel K. Bringhurst and Darron T. Smith, eds., Black and Mormon (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004), 13. ISBN 978-0252073564. ISBN 0252073568.
  21. [note] Kimball, Lengthen Your Stride, working draft chapter 20, page 22; citing Goates, Harold B. Lee, 506, quoting UPI interview published November 16, 1972.
  22. [note]  Kimball, Lengthen Your Stride, working draft chapter 21, page 1; citing Charles J. Seldin, "Priesthood of LDS Opened to Blacks," Salt Lake City Tribune (10 June 1978), 1A.
  23. [note]  Kimball, Lengthen Your Stride, working draft chapter 21, page 4; citing letter of 15 June 1963 to Edward Kimball.
  24. [note]  Kimball, Lengthen Your Stride, working draft chapter 21, page 7; citing F. Burton Howard to author, June 15, 1995; F. Burton Howard, interview by author, July 30, 2002.

Further reading

FAIR wiki articles

Priesthood ban
Native Americans

The origin of the priesthood ban

The origin of the priesthood ban is one of the most difficult questions to answer. Its origins are not clear, and this affected both how members and leaders have seen the ban, and the steps necessary to rescind it. The Church has never provided an official reason for the ban.

Members have generally taken one of three perspectives:

  1. the ban was based on revelation to Joseph Smith, and was continued by his successors until President Kimball
  2. the ban did not originate with Joseph Smith, but was implemented by Brigham Young by revelation
  3. the ban began as a series of administrative policy decisions, rather than a revealed doctrine, and drew partly upon ideas regarding race common in mid-19th century America. The passage of time gave greater authority to this policy than intended.

The difficulty in deciding between these options arises because:
a) there is no contemporary account of a revelation underlying the ban; but
b) many early members nevertheless believed that there had been such a revelation; and
c) priesthood ordination of African blacks was a rare event, which became even more rare with time.

The history behind the practice in the modern Church of withholding the priesthood based on race is described well by Lester Bush in a 1984 book.[32] A good timeline can be found at FAIR's BlackLDS site: FAIR link.

Joseph Smith's Administration (1830-1844)

As Mormons settled into Missouri, some of their viewpoints about slavery (DC 101꞉79,DC 87꞉4) did not mesh well with those of the older settlers. The 1831 Nat Turner Rebellion left many southerners nervous as church leaders later recognized: "All who are acquainted with the situation of slave States, know that the life of every white is in constant danger, and to insinuate any thing which could possibly be interpreted by a slave, that it was not just to hold human beings in bondage, would be jeopardizing the life of every white inhabitant in the country.[33]" Unfortunately, this recognition came after mobs persecuted the Missouri saints and destroyed their press in part because of W. W. Phelps's editorials supporting abolition.[34]

Under these precarious conditions, early missionaries were instructed to not teach or baptize slaves without their master's wishes (see DC 134꞉12). Late, perhaps unreliable, recollections suggest that Joseph Smith received inspiration that blacks should not be ordained while contemplating the situation in the South.[35] These accounts must be weighed against records of free blacks receiving the priesthood such as Black Pete (1831 OH), Elijah Abel (1835 OH), Joseph T. Ball (1837 MA), Isaac van Meter (<1837 ME), and Walker and Enoch Lewis (Fall 1843-Nov. 1844 MA). Since Ohio had a law discouraging Blacks from migrating there, this put a damper on early proselyting efforts which were largely based on the principle of the gathering.[36] Parley Pratt wrote in 1839 that the Church had less than a dozen Black members.[37]

Other notable events during Joseph Smith tenure

1830 The Book of Mormon was published. It describes an inherited, yet not immutable, Lamanite curse associated with skin color brought on by apostasy and schism. 1830 The Book of Moses was revealed. It expands on curses given to Cain, Lamech, and their lands (Moses 5꞉25,36,52,56). It also describes a cursed nation and region called Caanan during Enoch's dispensation due to apostasy (Moses 7꞉8,10,15,20).
1831 According to W. W. Phelps very late recollection, Joseph Smith received a revelation encouraging Saints to marry Indians.
1831 Many members are caught up in a wave of false revelations in Ohio. Black Pete is excommunicated for his spurious prophetic claims. Pete may have brought up the possibility of interracial marriage with Joseph Smith, but no revelation addressing white/black unions was forthcoming.
1835 The Book of Abraham was revealed. It addresses a Pharaoh's lack of priesthood rights and associates that with Pharaoh's Canaanite blood and lineage from Ham, Egyptus (meaning forbidden), and the first Pharaoh that Noah cursed (Abraham 1꞉21-27). It also described a premortal council wherein noble spirits were selected to become rulers. (Abraham 3꞉22-27))
1836 Patriarchal blessing given to Elijah Abel. "To be made equal to thy brethren", but no lineage declared. Elijah Abel ordained a seventy and received the Kirtland endowment, the last known black male to participate in a temple ordinance until 1978. He may have just missed another opportunity by serving a mission during Joseph Smith's introduction of Nauvoo temple ordinances.
1837 Wilford Woodruff noted the apostasy of Isaac van Meter.
1841 Joseph Smith expounded on Noah's curse on Canaan. Canaan accused Noah of being drunk. Noah cursed him and the curse has persisted with his posterity until then. Brigham H. Roberts, Comprehensive History of the Church (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1965), 4:445. GospeLink
1842 Joseph Smith identifies contemporary blacks as the seed of Cain Brigham H. Roberts, Comprehensive History of the Church (Provo, Utah: Brigham Young University Press, 1965), 4:501. GospeLink.
184? Joseph Smith taught that, upon conversion, gentile blood is transmuted into Israelite blood. This might be an overlooked explanation for why exceptional blacks were ordained during Joseph Smith's tenure as their cursed blood would no longer be an issue on an individual basis.
184? Patriarchal blessing for Anthony Stebbings, Jane Manning's brother-in-law and the man whom Joseph Smith, in the capacity of municipal judge, fined for the unlicensed selling of liquor. Joseph was moved to sell his horse to help Anthony raise money to free his daughter from slavery.
1844 Joseph Smith, in the capacity of municipal judge, fined a a pair of black men for proposing to a white woman in violation of an anti-miscegenation statute.
1844 Joseph Smith's presidential platform made provisions for gradually freeing slaves. Josiah Quincy would later praise Joseph as being ahead of his time.
1844 Jane Manning invited to be sealed to Joseph Smith.

Those who hold that the ban had a revelatory basis see the early ordinations as events which occurred prior to the revelation or without knowledge of it, while those who see the ban as more of a social/cultural phenomenon point to these ordinations as an example of the "pragmatic grounds" upon which decisions about black ordination were made.

Early Brigham Young's Administration 1844-1852

The start of Brigham Young's administration saw a continuation of Joseph Smith's policies. William McCary was baptized and ordained at Winter Quarters in October 1846. The following March, Brigham acknowledged the validity of the ordination of Walker Lewis that likely occurred during Joseph's tenure, "we [have] one of the best Elders an African in Lowell [,MA] -- a barber." [38] The priesthood ban then became more comprehensive to include not only slaves and free blacks in the South, but all persons deemed to have inherited the curse of Cain through Ham. Three pivotal events in this development were the apostasy of William McCary, the interracial marriage of Walker Lewis's son, and the passing of slavery legislation in Utah Territory.

McCary approached Brigham Young with complaints that racial discrimination was a motive behind other Mormon leaders questioning his strange teachings. President Young satisfied McCary that ideally race should not be the issue. Praising Walker Lewis as an example, Young suggested "Its nothing to do with the blood for [from] one blood has God made all flesh" and later added "we don't care about the color." [39] Shortly thereafter McCary was excommunicated for apostasy. In April, Brigham Young departed with the vanguard pioneer company for the Rocky Mountains only to return around December to face additional race-based problems.

In April, Elder Parley P. Pratt had warned of the Saints about following schisms led by those like James Strang and William McCary. Significantly he referred to William McCary as "this black man who has got the blood of Ham in him which linege was cursed as regards the priesthood" [40]. McCary had married a Stake President's white daughter and advocated polygamy before his excommunication and afterwards he began drawing away Mormon women to be sealed to him in a carnal manner.

Also awaiting Brigham was William Appleby, the president over eastern branches of the Church. He had encountered the Lewises and suspected William Smith had acted improperly by ordaining a black elder. He was also alarmed that Enoch Lewis had married a white wife and had a child. Brigham responded to this news in a manner that is, by modern sensitivities, quite disturbing (see Brigham Young on race mixing for more cultural context):

If they were far away from the gentiles they would all [have] to be killed -- when they mingle seed it is death to all. If a black man & white woman come to you & demand baptism can you deny them? The law is their seed shall not be amalgamated. Mulattoes [are] like mules they can't have children, but if they will be eunuchs for the Kingdom of Heaven's sake, they may have a place in the temple.[41]

Walker Lewis' biographer, Connell O'Donovan has argued "that William McCary’s troubling actions at Winter Quarters in the spring and fall of 1847, Young’s discovery of the Lewis-Webster marriage in December 1847, and Walker Lewis’ high standing in African Freemasonry, were the three most important factors in Brigham Young’s instigation of a priesthood ban against all men with African ancestry in late 1847 or early 1848."[42]

At this time it would appear that not only a priesthood restriction was in place, but a temple restriction as well. However, Brigham Young did not present a specific revelation on the subject. His most declarative statement "any man having one drop of the seed of [Cain] ... in him cannot hold the priesthood and if no other Prophet ever spake it before I will say it now in the name of Jesus Christ I know it is true and others know it" [43] was delivered in an 1852 legislative, rather than ecclesiastical forum. Those who believe the ban had a revelatory basis point to this as an example of a prophet learning "line upon line," with revelation being implemented more rigorously. Those who see the influence of cultural factors and institutional practice behind the ban consider this evidence that the ban was based on Brigham's cultural and scriptural assumptions, and point out that such beliefs were common among most Christians in Antebellum America.[44]

Later views

  • In 1879, John Taylor conducted an investigation and concluded the policy had started under Joseph Smith, rather than Brigham Young, despite receiving mixed information.[45]
  • As part of this investigation Zebedee Coltrin recalled that Joseph Smith said in 1834 that "the Spirit of the Lord saith the Negro had no right nor cannot hold the Priesthood." However, this claim is suspect given Coltrin's errors on the circumstances of Elijah Abel's ordination, participation in Kirtland temple ordinances, and retention in the Seventies quorum all under the supervision of Joseph Smith.[46]
  • President George Q. Cannon in 1895 asserted that some of Young's teachings about miscegenation and the seed of Cain had first been taught by Joseph Smith.[47]
  • Nearly forty years after the ban started, B.H. Roberts was the first to argue, based on the Book of Abraham, that the curse of Cain had continued to modern blacks through the lineage of Ham.[48]
  • Joseph Fielding Smith opined that blacks may have been less valiant in the pre-mortal conflict between God and Satan (however, he rejected that they may have been neutral in the war in heaven).[49]
  • David O. McKay believed that the ban was "not doctrine but...policy," as reported by Sterling McMurrin,[50] his son Llewelyn McKay,[51] and Elder Paul H. Dunn.[52] President McKay told Elder Marion D. Hanks that "he had pleaded and pleaded with the Lord, but had not had the answer he sought."[53]
  • The "Missouri policy theory" attributing the ban to Joseph Smith arising from condition in Missouri was first popularized in 1970 by author Stephen Taggert,[54] and President Hugh B. Brown reportedly embraced it.[55] Other authors found this theory wanting.[56]
  • Harold B. Lee was inclined to reconfirm the ban,[57] though Church Historian Leonard Arrington
...asserts that President Lee, shortly before his death, sought the Lord's will on the question of blacks and the priesthood during'three days and nights [of] fasting in the upper room of the temple,...but the only answer he received was "not yet." Arrington relied on an unidentified person close to President Lee, but President Lee's son-in-law and biographer found no record of such an incident and thought it doubtful.[58]

Following Joseph Fielding Smith's death, President Lee did say, "For those who don't believe in modern revelation there is no adequate explanation. Those who do understand revelation stand by and wait until the Lord speaks...It's only a matter of time before the black achieves full status in the Church. We must believe in the justice of God. The black will achieve full status, we're just waiting for that time."[59]

President Kimball

  • President Kimball began his administration by holding a press conference. When asked about the ban, he said:
[I have given it] "a great deal of thought, a great deal of prayer. The day might come when they would be given the priesthood, but that day has not come yet. Should the day come it will be a matter of revelation. Before changing any important policy, it has to be through a revelation from the Lord."[60]
  • He had previously written to his son:
"...I have wished the Lord had given us a little more clarity in the matter. But for me, it is enough...I know the Lord could change His policy and release the ban and forgive the possible error (?) which brought about the deprivation. If the time comes, that He will do, I am sure."[61]
  • In 1976, he mentioned
"his concern for giving the priesthood to all men, and said that he had been praying about it for fifteen years without an answer...but I am going to keep praying about it."[62]

Endnotes

  1. [note] Lester E. Bush, Jr. and Armand L. Mauss, eds., Neither White Nor Black: Mormon Scholars Confront the Race Issue in a Universal Church, (Salt Lake City, Signature Books, 1984). ISBN 0941214222. off-site
  2. [note] Neither White nor Black, 56; citing Editor, "Outrage in Jackson County, Missouri," Evening and Morning Star 2 (January 1834), 122. off-siteGospeLink
  3. [note] Neither White nor Black, 55.
  4. [note]  Neither White nor Black, 61,77.
  5. [note] Neither White nor Black, 70–72.
  6. [note] For a history of such ideas in American Christian thought generally, see H. Shelton Smith, In His Image, But...: Racism in Southern Religion, 1780–1910 (Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 1972), 131. ISBN 082230273X.
  7. [note] Neither White nor Black, 77–78.
  8. [note] Neither White nor Black, 60–61, 77–78.
  9. [note] Neither White nor Black, 79–81.
  10. [note] B.H. Roberts, "To the Youth of Israel," The Contributor 6 (May 1885): 296–97.
  11. [note] Joseph Fielding Smith, Doctrines of Salvation, comp. Bruce R. McConkie, 3 vols., (Salt Lake City: Bookcraft, 1954–56), 65.
  12. [note]  Sterling M. McMurrin and and L. Jackson Newell, Matters of Conscience: Conversations with Sterling M. McMurrin On Philosophy, Education, and Religion (Salt Lake City, UT: Signature Books, 1996), 199–201; cited in Edward L. Kimball, Lengthen Your Stride: The Presidency of Spencer W. Kimball (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book, 2005), chapter 20, page 5, footnote 17. ISBN 1590384571 (CD version)
  13. [note] Kimball, Lengthen Your Stride, chapter 20, page 5, footnote 17.
  14. [note] Kimball, Lengthen Your Stride, chapter 20, page 5–, footnote 17.
  15. [note]  Kimball, Lengthen Your Stride, chapter 20 working draft, 13.
  16. [note] Kimball, Lengthen Your Stride, 204–205.
  17. [note] Kimball, Lengthen Your Stride, working draft chapter 20, page 22, footnote 105; citing for the affirmative Arrington, Adventures of a Church Historian and Arrington to author, February 10 and June 15, 1998; for the negative, L. Brent Goates, interview by author, February 9, 1998.
  18. [note] Steven Taggert, Mormonism's Negro Policy: Social and Historical Origins (Salt Lake City, Utah: University of Utah Press, 1970).
  19. [note] Edwin B. Firmage, "Hugh B. Brown in His Final Years," Sunstone 11:6 no. (Issue #67) (November 1987), 7–8. off-site
  20. [note]  Newell K. Bringhurst, "The 'Missouri Thesis' Revisited: Early Mormonism, Slavery, and the Status of Black People," in Newel K. Bringhurst and Darron T. Smith, eds., Black and Mormon (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2004), 13. ISBN 978-0252073564. ISBN 0252073568.
  21. [note] Kimball, Lengthen Your Stride, working draft chapter 20, page 22; citing Goates, Harold B. Lee, 506, quoting UPI interview published November 16, 1972.
  22. [note]  Kimball, Lengthen Your Stride, working draft chapter 21, page 1; citing Charles J. Seldin, "Priesthood of LDS Opened to Blacks," Salt Lake City Tribune (10 June 1978), 1A.
  23. [note]  Kimball, Lengthen Your Stride, working draft chapter 21, page 4; citing letter of 15 June 1963 to Edward Kimball.
  24. [note]  Kimball, Lengthen Your Stride, working draft chapter 21, page 7; citing F. Burton Howard to author, June 15, 1995; F. Burton Howard, interview by author, July 30, 2002.

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