Utah/Statistical claims/LDS use of antidepressants

Criticism

Critics charge that the rate of antidepressant use is much higher among Mormons than the general population. They claim this is evidence that participation in the LDS Church is inordinately stressful due to pressure for Mormons to appear "perfect."

Source(s) of the criticism

• Life After Ministries: Leading Mormons to the REAL Jesus, "Utah's Dark Reality," (accessed 30 August 2007).
• Kent Ponder, Ph.D., "Mormon Women, Prozac® and Therapy," unpublished, 2003.^[1]

Response

Prescription drug use by state or region has been difficult to assess. In 2002 Express Scripts, one of the largest mail-order pharmaceutical providers in the United States, released their Prescription Drug Atlas, which shows prescription drug orders from their individual clients by state. A Los Angeles Times article on the study concluded that

antidepressant drugs are prescribed in Utah more often than in any other state, at a rate nearly twice the national average.... Other states with high antidepressant use were Maine and Oregon. Utah's rate of antidepressant use was twice the rate of California and nearly three times the rates in New York and New Jersey, the study showed.^[2]

What the study did not indicate is the reason antidepressant use was higher in Utah than in other states. Anti-Mormon critics were quick to jump on the high rate of LDS Church membership in Utah, blaming the Church and Mormon culture. Kent Ponder concludes:

This problem is clearly, closely and definitely linked to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints. Approximately 70% of Utahans are Mormons. Jim Jorgenson, director of pharmacy services for the University of Utah, confirmed that Utah has the highest percentage of anti-depressant use, hypothesizing that large families, larger in Utah than in other states, produce greater stress. (Large Utah families are primarily Mormon families).

The same LDS Church that works so well for many works very badly for many others, who become chronically depressed, especially women.^[3]

Yet the study released by Express Scripts makes no claims as to why some states use more prescription drugs of one type or another. Far from being "clearly, closely and definitely" the fault of the LDS Church, Ponder has no evidence whatsoever; he is giving his belief and casting it as a proven fact.

The Express Scripts study includes a number of factors that Ponder overlooked in his paper that are helpful in assessing the situation:

• Utah ranked seventh in total prescriptions overall. This indicates that Utahans are heavier than average users of all prescription medications.
• Utah also ranked high in use of penicillin, insulin, thyroid hormones, antirheumatics, and anticonvulsants. Is Mormon culture also responsible for higher incidences of infection, diabetes, hypothyroidism, arthritis, and epilepsy?
• Idaho and Arizona, the two other states in the "Mormon Corridor" with large LDS populations, did not rate high in antidepressant use. If LDS culture is responsible for high levels of stress leading to antidepressant use, why didn't those two states rank closer to Utah?
• Utah does not rank high in prescription of stimulant medication to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. If stresses from "large Utah families" are to blame for heavy antidepressant use, why isn't there a corresponding level of prescriptions for Ritalin-based medications?

There are other possible factors outside the scope of the Express Scripts study that may also play a part here:

• The results could indicate that Utahans are more enlightened about depression and mental illness and therefore don't stigmatize these conditions. In such a social climate more people are willing to seek help and are prescribed drugs.
• The results could also indicate that Utah employers offer better mental health benefits than employers in other states, making access to mental health services and medications easier.^[4]
• Utah has a low rate of recreational alcohol use, especially among practicing Mormons who completely abstain from alcoholic beverages. Alcohol is commonly used by adults as an aid to stress relief, a "lubricant" for social interactions, and to "treat" (unwittingly or not) symptoms of anxiety, depression, and the like. Since many Mormons will not consider alcohol an "option," they could be more likely to seek help from a professional instead of turning to commercially available mood-altering substances.

Are Mormons more depressed than non-Mormons?

Shortly after Mr. Ponder released his paper, Brigham Young University sociologist Sherrie Mills Johnson used data from national surveys to show that Mormon women are less likely to be depressed than American women in general. Johnson's conclusions upheld findings of some earlier studies that Mormons have no more depression than the nation's population as a whole.^[5]

A good review of the literature on religion, mental health, and the Latter-day Saints specifically is now available on-line: Daniel K. Judd, "Religiosity, Mental Health, and the Latter-day Saints: A Preliminary Review of Literature (1923-95)," in Latter-day Saint Social Life: Social Research on the LDS Church of its Members, edited by James T. Duke, (Religious Studies Center, Brigham Young University, 1998). off-site

the abstract of which follows:

Correlation and causation

It is easy to find a correlation between two things:

1. Utah has many Mormons and uses more antidepressants.
2. Roosters crow when the sun rise.
3. IV drug abuse has increased as digital computers have become more common.

However, correlations do not necessarily imply causation:

1. The suggestion that religion in general, or the Church of Jesus Christ in particular, causes depression has been examined and found to be false: in the vast majority of studies, religion either has no effect on mental health, or improves it.
2. Roosters do not cause the sun to rise; if anything the reverse is true.
3. IV drug use and the presence of digital computers are not likely related at all--they are two different social phenomena.

Correlations are easy to come by. They may suggest causes for further study, but they mean little by themselves.

Critics like to point to a correlation between a high LDS population and a high anti-depressant use, and then assume that this is causitive.

Conclusion

While Utah does have the highest rate of antidepressant use in the United States, there is no evidence that this is because of stress from the LDS lifestyle and culture. Credible research has shown that LDS women are actually more likely to identify themselves as "happy" than non-Mormon women.

Until further research is done, critics of the Church have no evidence that higher anti-depressant use in Utah is due to their claim of an increase in difficulty of the LDS lifestyle.

Endnotes

1. [note] It is the FAIR wiki's policy not to link to anti-Mormon web sites, but Ponder's paper can be easily found with a Google search.
2. [note] Julie Cart, "Study Finds Utah Leads Nation in Antidepressant Use," Los Angeles Times, 20 February 2002, A6.
3. [note] Ponder, "Mormon Women, Prozac® and Therapy," n.p. Italics in the original; author's capitalization ("Latter-Day") and spelling errors ("Utahns") retained.
4. [note] The Express Scripts study did not include prescriptions ordered through Medicare and Medicaid, so the data include only orders filled through employer-based insurance plans.
5. [note] "Expert: Mormon women less depressed," USA Today, 2 April 2004 (Associated Press article).off-site

Further reading

External links

• Express Scripts Prescription Drug Atlas (2004). PDF link
• Janet Jensen and Larry Jensen, "Are Utah Women More Depressed?", BYU Family Studies Center, n/d. off-site