Book of Mormon/Wordprint studies

This page is based on an answer to a question submitted to the FAIR web site, or a frequently asked question.

Question

What are wordprints? What do they have to do with the Book of Mormon?

Answer

What is a wordprint?

Wordprinting, or stylometry as it is more commonly known, is the science of measuring literary style. The main assumption underlying stylometry is that an author has aspects of literary style that may be unconsciously used, and can be used to identify their work. Stylometrists analyze literature using statistics, math formulas and artificial intelligence to determine the "style" of an author's writing.

Because authors may write on a variety of topics, the vocabulary they use may vary considerably. Researchers often attempt to use "non-contextual words" in their analyses to avoid this problem: patterns in the use of these words (e.g. such as: and, if, the, etc.) will be less influenced by a change in subject matter.

Initial efforts

Insert Intro to Larsen et al

The initial Book of Mormon wordprint studies by Larsen, Rencher, and Layton were critiqued in Ernest H. Taves, Trouble Enough: Joseph Smith and the Book of Mormon (Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 1984), 225-60. John Hilton characterized Teves' review as "fundamentally flawed," and noted that his effort "therefore did nothing to add to or detract from their work." (Hilton, 1990).

An LDS author considered some of Larsen, Rencher, and Layton's work in D. James Croft, "Book of Mormon 'Wordprints' Reexamined," Sunstone 6 (March-April 1981): 15-21. Croft pointed out some flaws in their assumptions, and was cautious about whether wordprint evidence should be accepted or rejected as it then stood.

John Hilton and the Berkeley Group

A more sophisticated approach was taken by John Hilton and non-LDS colleagues at Berkeley.^[1] The "Berkeley Group's" method relied on non-contextual word patterns, rather than just word. This more conservative approach required works of at least 5,000 words.

The Berkeley Group first used a variety of control tests with non-disputed authors (e.g. works by Mark Twain, and translated works from German) to:

• demonstrate the persistence of wordprints despite an author's effort to write as a different 'character'
• demonstrate that wordprints were not obliterated by translation (e.g. two different authors rendered by the same translator would still have different wordprints).

The Berkeley Group's methods have since passed peer review, and were used to

The Berkeley Group compared Book of Mormon texts written by Nephi and Alma with each other,

Further reading

FAIR web site

• FAIR Topical Guide:
• The Grace of Apologetics
• Wordprint evidence and 'Deutero-Isaiah'

External links

• John L. Hilton, "On Verifying Wordprint Studies: Book of Mormon Authorship," Brigham Young University Studies 30 no. 3 (1990), 89–108. pdf; reprinted in Book of Mormon Authorship Revisited: The Evidence for Ancient Origins, edited by Noel B. Reynolds, (Provo, Utah : Foundation for Ancient Research and Mormon Studies, 1997). GospeLink

Printed material

• Tim Hiatt and John Hilton, "Can Authors Alter their Wordprints? Faulkner's Narrators in As I Lay Dying," Selected Papers from the Proceedings of the Sixteenth Annual Symposium, edited by Melvin Luthy (Provo, Utah: Deseret Language and Linguistic Society, 1990).
• John L. Hilton, "Review of Ernest Tares' Book of Mormon Stylometry," (Provo, Utah: FARMS, 1986).
• John L. Hilton and Kenneth D. Jenkins, "On Maximizing Author Identification by Measuring 5000 Word Texts" (Provo, Utah: FARMS, 1987).
• Wayne A. Larsen, Alvin C. Rencher, and Tim Layton, "Who Wrote the Book of Mormon? An Analysis of Wordprints," BYU Studies 20 (Spring 1980): 225-51.
• Frederick W. Mosteller and David L. Wallace, Inference and Disputed Authorship: The Federalist Papers (Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley, 1964); second edition published as Frederick Mosteller and David L, Wallace, Applied Bayesian and Classical Inference: The Case of the Federalist Papers (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1984).