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The Bible/Textual criticism: Difference between revisions
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===Examples of variant readings=== | ===Examples of variant readings=== | ||
From the scholarly point of view, the differences in various Biblical manuscripts are well-documented. A few well-known variants include: | From the scholarly point of view, the differences in various Biblical manuscripts are well-documented. A few well-known variants include: | ||
* '''{{b||John|7|53}}-{{b||John|8|1-11}}''', traditionally known as the ''pericope adulterae'', is not contained in the earliest and best manuscripts and was almost certainly not an original part of the Gospel of John. Among modern commentators and textual critics, it is a foregone conclusion that the section is not original but represents a later addition to the text of the Gospel. Critical text scholar Bruce Metzger summarizes: "The evidence for the non-Johannine origin of the pericope of the adulteress is overwhelming."{{ref|metzger1}} | * '''{{b||John|7|53}}-{{b||John|8|1-11}}''', traditionally known as the ''pericope adulterae'', is not contained in the earliest and best manuscripts and was almost certainly not an original part of the Gospel of John. Among modern commentators and textual critics, it is a foregone conclusion that the section is not original but represents a later addition to the text of the Gospel. Critical text scholar Bruce Metzger summarizes: "The evidence for the non-Johannine origin of the pericope of the adulteress is overwhelming."{{ref|metzger1}} | ||
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* '''{{b|1|John|5|7-8}}''' — "in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one. And there are three that bear witness in earth" — the infamous ''Comma Johanneum'', is accepted as a later insertion by virtually every scholar. It is most interesting that it is the only explicit reference to [[Godhead and the Trinity|the Trinity]] in the New Testament, yet it is not part of the original epistle, but dates from probably the fourth century. | * '''{{b|1|John|5|7-8}}''' — "in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one. And there are three that bear witness in earth" — the infamous ''Comma Johanneum'', is accepted as a later insertion by virtually every scholar. It is most interesting that it is the only explicit reference to [[Godhead and the Trinity|the Trinity]] in the New Testament, yet it is not part of the original epistle, but dates from probably the fourth century. | ||
* '''{{b||Matthew|5|22}}''' The phrase "without a cause" is not in the earliest manuscripts; virtually all scholars believe it was a later addition. (It is notable that this phrase is in the King James Bible but it is not in the Book of Mormon or Joseph Smith Translation of Matthew 5:22.){{ref|juddstoddard}} | |||
* '''{{b||John|1|18}}''' is notoriously difficult because various manuscripts read either ''monogenes theos'' ("the only God") or ''ho monogenes huios'' ("the only son"). | * '''{{b||John|1|18}}''' is notoriously difficult because various manuscripts read either ''monogenes theos'' ("the only God") or ''ho monogenes huios'' ("the only son"). | ||
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#{{note|bofm1}}The authors of the Book of Mormon disclaim inerrancy/infallibility at least five separate times: [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/bm/ttlpg Title Page] ("And now, if there are faults they are the mistakes of men"); {{s|1|Nephi|19|6}}; {{s||Mormon|8|17}}; {{s||Mormon|9|31-33}}; {{s||Ether|12|23-26}}. | #{{note|bofm1}}The authors of the Book of Mormon disclaim inerrancy/infallibility at least five separate times: [http://scriptures.lds.org/en/bm/ttlpg Title Page] ("And now, if there are faults they are the mistakes of men"); {{s|1|Nephi|19|6}}; {{s||Mormon|8|17}}; {{s||Mormon|9|31-33}}; {{s||Ether|12|23-26}}. | ||
#{{note|tpjs1}}{{TPJS1|start=327}} | #{{note|tpjs1}}{{TPJS1|start=327}} | ||
#{{note|metzger1}}Bruce M. Metzger, ''A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'' (United Bible Societies; 2nd Revised edition, 2005), 187. | #{{note|metzger1}}Bruce M. Metzger, ''A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament'' (United Bible Societies; 2nd Revised edition, 2005), 187. | ||
#{{note|juddstoddard}}Daniel K. Judd and Allen W. Stoddard, "Adding and Taking Away 'Without a Cause' in Matthew 5:22," in ''How the New Testament Came to Be'', ed. Kent P. Jackson and Frank F. Judd Jr. (Provo and Salt Lake City: Religious Studies Center and Deseret Book, 2006), 157-174. ISBN 1590386272. | |||
#{{note|fn1}} The estimate is Ehrman's; see {{MisquotingJesus1|start=89}} | #{{note|fn1}} The estimate is Ehrman's; see {{MisquotingJesus1|start=89}} | ||
#{{note|fn2}} {{MisquotingJesus1|start=90}} | #{{note|fn2}} {{MisquotingJesus1|start=90}} | ||
Revision as of 21:16, 8 April 2008
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This page is based on an answer to a question submitted to the FAIR web site, or a frequently asked question.
Question
What can textual criticism tell us about the Bible? Does it have anything to say about the Bible being without error, as some Christians claim?
Answer
What is textual criticism?
Let's begin by defining "textual criticism":
- Textual criticism or lower criticism is a branch of philology or bibliography that is concerned with the identification and removal of errors from texts and manuscripts. Ancient manuscripts often have errors or alterations made by scribes, who copied the manuscripts by hand. The textual critic seeks to determine the original text of a document or a collection of documents, which the critic believes to come as close as possible to a lost original....[1]
"Criticism" in this case does not mean "faultfinding." It's a technical term referring to the methods of studying texts or documents for the purpose of dating or reconstructing them, evaluating their authenticity, and analyzing their content or style.[2]
Is the Bible inerrant?
Many fundamentalist Christians believe the Bible is inerrant or infallible. They reject the possibility that the Bible could have errors. For many inerrantists this belief only applies to the original manuscripts of the Bible as written by their authors; some, however, believe that infallibility extends to modern printed Bibles or to a specific translation of the Bible.[3]
Latter-day Saints reject both Biblical inerrancy and Biblical infallibility. They believe that no book of scripture is "perfect" (in any definition of the word) because, although it contains the will of God, it is communicated through the writings of fallible human beings. This includes not only the Bible, but also the Book of Mormon and other modern scriptures.[4]
Latter-day Saints also claim that the Bible has undergone many changes since it was written. Joseph Smith taught:
- I believe the Bible as it read when it came from the pen of the original writers. Ignorant translators, careless transcribers, or designing and corrupt priests have committed many errors.[5]
The LDS Church does not take any position on which verses in the Bible are accurate and which are not. From a point of faith we use the Bible as a spiritual guide and don't try to pick it apart. Textual criticism is the realm of the scholar. The Church is an institute of faith and revelation, not scholarship.
Examples of variant readings
From the scholarly point of view, the differences in various Biblical manuscripts are well-documented. A few well-known variants include:
- John 7:53-John 8:1-11, traditionally known as the pericope adulterae, is not contained in the earliest and best manuscripts and was almost certainly not an original part of the Gospel of John. Among modern commentators and textual critics, it is a foregone conclusion that the section is not original but represents a later addition to the text of the Gospel. Critical text scholar Bruce Metzger summarizes: "The evidence for the non-Johannine origin of the pericope of the adulteress is overwhelming."[6]
- Mark 16:9-20 does not exist in the earliest and best manuscripts. Virtually all scholars believe it was a later addition, added by scribes who felt the original ending was unsatisfactory.
- 1 John 5:7-8 — "in heaven, the Father, the Word, and the Holy Ghost: and these three are one. And there are three that bear witness in earth" — the infamous Comma Johanneum, is accepted as a later insertion by virtually every scholar. It is most interesting that it is the only explicit reference to the Trinity in the New Testament, yet it is not part of the original epistle, but dates from probably the fourth century.
- Matthew 5:22 The phrase "without a cause" is not in the earliest manuscripts; virtually all scholars believe it was a later addition. (It is notable that this phrase is in the King James Bible but it is not in the Book of Mormon or Joseph Smith Translation of Matthew 5:22.)[7]
- John 1:18 is notoriously difficult because various manuscripts read either monogenes theos ("the only God") or ho monogenes huios ("the only son").
- Hebrews 1:3 reads "reveals (phaneron) all things" in the Codex Vaticanus, while most manuscripts read "sustains (pheron) all things". This is particularly interesting because there's a scribe's marginal note in the CV that reads "Fool and knave, leave the old reading, don't change it!", indicating contention over an intentional change in the passage.
(Additional variant readings can be found on Wikipedia's article on textual criticism.)
Conclusion
Most Latter-day Saints are not interested in searching the Bible for errors, or highlighting its flaws, though they readily admit that no text can be perfect or without error when mortals are involved in writing, transcribing, transmitting, or translating it. (See Book of Mormon—Introduction.)
The flaws in the Biblical text present a problem to those who believe the Bible is without error, but not to Latter-day Saints.
Bart Ehrman was a Biblical inerrantist when he entered the study of the New Testament (he started off at the very conservative Moody Bible Institute), but ultimately lost his faith over the 200,000 to 400,000 variant New Testament readings.[8] As he wrote, "There are more variations among our manuscripts than there are words in the New Testament."[9]
Ehrman's slide into agnosticism illustrates the dangers of inerrantism. His inability to have complete confidence that every word of the Bible was correct led to an inability to trust any of the Bible's witness about Jesus as Lord, Son of God, and Savior.
Latter-day Saints do not rely on scripture—biblical or otherwise—for their knowledge of Christ. They rely instead upon that which provided the scripture in the first place: revelation by the Holy Ghost. They treasure the scriptural witnesses, but do not require perfection from any mortal or mortal work to have faith in the revelations of God.
Endnotes
- [note] "Textual criticism," Wikipedia (accessed 11 September 2007).off-site
- [note] "criticism." Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1). Random House, Inc. (accessed 11 September 2007).off-site
- [note] For further reading, see the Wikipedia articles on "Biblical inerrancy"off-site and "Biblical infallibility"off-site.
- [note] The authors of the Book of Mormon disclaim inerrancy/infallibility at least five separate times: Title Page ("And now, if there are faults they are the mistakes of men"); 1 Nephi 19꞉6; Mormon 8꞉17; Mormon 9꞉31-33; Ether 12꞉23-26.
- [note] Joseph Smith, Jr., Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith, selected by Joseph Fielding Smith, (Salt Lake City: Deseret Book Company, 1976), 327. off-site
- [note] Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (United Bible Societies; 2nd Revised edition, 2005), 187.
- [note] Daniel K. Judd and Allen W. Stoddard, "Adding and Taking Away 'Without a Cause' in Matthew 5:22," in How the New Testament Came to Be, ed. Kent P. Jackson and Frank F. Judd Jr. (Provo and Salt Lake City: Religious Studies Center and Deseret Book, 2006), 157-174. ISBN 1590386272.
- [note] The estimate is Ehrman's; see Bart D. Ehrman, Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why (HarperSanFrancisco, [2005] 2007), 89. ISBN 0060859512. ISBN 0060738170.
- [note] Bart D. Ehrman, Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why (HarperSanFrancisco, [2005] 2007), 90. ISBN 0060859512. ISBN 0060738170.
Further reading
Recommended books
The standard references for textual criticism include:
- Bruce M. Metzger and Bart D. Ehrman, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption, and Restoration (Oxford University Press, USA; 4 edition, 2005), ISBN 019516122X. ISBN 978-0195161229.
Metzger and Ehrman are the leaders in this field of study.
- Ed. Kent P. Jackson and Frank F. Judd Jr., How the New Testament Came to Be (Provo and Salt Lake City: Religious Studies Center and Deseret Book, 2006), ISBN 1590386272.
Sperry Symposium.
- Bart D. Ehrman, Misquoting Jesus: The Story Behind Who Changed the Bible and Why (HarperSanFrancisco, [2005] 2007). ISBN 0060859512. ISBN 0060738170.
This is a little more accessible to the layman.
- Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament (United Bible Societies; 2 Revised edition, 2005), ISBN 1598561642. ISBN 978-1598561647.
This a companion publication to the United Bible Societies' 4th edition Greek New Testament. The Textual Commentary lists 284 variant readings that the UBS committee felt were significant enough to warrant comment.
FAIR wiki articles
FAIR web site
| FAIR Holy Bible materials |
- John A. Tvedtnes, "The Bible Code and Biblical Inerrancy," (Mesa, Arizona: FAIR) FAIR link
External links
| On-line Holy Bible materials |
- Alma Allred, "Coin of the Realm: Beware of Specious Specie (Review of: "Scripture," In The Counterfeit Gospel of Mormonism)," FARMS Review of Books 12/1 (2000): 137–174. off-site
- Danel W. Bachman, "The Other Side of the Coin: A Source Review of Norman Geisler's Chapter (Review of: "Scripture," In The Counterfeit Gospel of Mormonism)," FARMS Review of Books 12/1 (2000): 175–214. off-site
- John Gee, "The Old Testament as Reliable History, Review of On the Reliability of the Old Testament by Kenneth A. Kitchen," FARMS Review 18/1 (2006): 425–430. off-site wiki
- William J. Hamblin and Daniel C. Peterson, "The Evangelical Is Our Brother (Review of How Wide the Divide? A Mormon and an Evangelical in Conversation)," FARMS Review of Books 11/2 (1999): 178–209. off-site
- Blake T. Ostler, "Bridging the Gulf (Review of How Wide the Divide? A Mormon and an Evangelical in Conversation)," FARMS Review of Books 11/2 (1999): 103–177. off-site
- Daniel C. Peterson and Stephen D. Ricks, "Comparing LDS Beliefs with First-Century Christianity, (Provo, Utah: FARMS, no date). off-site
- Stephen E. Robinson, Are Mormons Christians? (Salt Lake City, Utah: Deseret Book Company, 1993). off-site FAIR linkoff-site
- John A. Tvedtnes and Matthew Roper, "'A Bible! A Bible!' The Canon and Ongoing Revelation (Review of Luke P. Wilson's "Lost Books & Latter-Day Revelation: A Response to Mormon Views of the New Testament Canon")off-site
Printed material
| Holy Bible print materials |
- Alan Denison & D.L. Barksdale, Guess Who Wants To Have You For Lunch?, 2nd edition, (Redding, California: FAIR, 2002[1999]), 37–57. ISBN 1893036057. FAIR link
- Emanuel Tov, Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible, 2nd Rev edition (Minneapolis: Augsburg Fortress Publishers, 2001[1999]), 1. ISBN {{{isbn}}}.
- Leon Vaganay and Christian-Bernard Amphoux, An Introduction to New Testament Criticism, 2nd ed. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 1. ISBN {{{isbn}}}.