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Book of Mormon/Anachronisms/Cement: Difference between revisions
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Critics claim that the Nephites in the land northward building out of cement in [http://scriptures.lds.org/hel/3/7#11 Helaman 3:7-11] (circa 47 B.C.) is not valid. As John L. Smith put the claim, "There is zero archaeological evidence that any kind of cement existed in the Americas prior to modern times" (Smith, 8). | Critics claim that the Nephites in the land northward building out of cement in [http://scriptures.lds.org/hel/3/7#11 Helaman 3:7-11] (circa 47 B.C.) is not valid. As John L. Smith put the claim, "There is zero archaeological evidence that any kind of cement existed in the Americas prior to modern times" (Smith, 8). | ||
Revision as of 05:51, 15 May 2010
Questions
== Critics claim that the Nephites in the land northward building out of cement in Helaman 3:7-11 (circa 47 B.C.) is not valid. As John L. Smith put the claim, "There is zero archaeological evidence that any kind of cement existed in the Americas prior to modern times" (Smith, 8).
Source(s) of the criticism
- John L. Smith, "What about those Gold Plates?" The Utah Evangel 33:6 (September 1986): 8.
Detailed Analysis
== Unfortunately for the critics, hanging their attacks on an 'absence of evidence' backfires. In fact, there is excellent evidence for the use of cement in Mesoamerica:
- Once thought to be anachronistic, references to "cement" in the Book of Mormon (Helaman 3:7,9,11) can be seen today as further evidence of the authenticity of the text. This is because today the presence of expert cement technology in pre-Hispanic America is a well-established archaeological fact. "American technology in the manufacture of cement, its mixing and placement two thousand years ago, paralleled that of the Greeks and the Romans during the same period" notes structural engineer, David Hyman, in a recent study devoted to the use of cement in Pre-Columbian Mexico. The earliest known sample of such cement dates to the first century A.D. and is a "fully developed product." Known samples of Mesoamerican cement work show signs of remarkable skill and sophistication. "Technology in the manufacturing of calcareous cements in Middle America [were] equal to any in the world at the advent of the Christian Era." For example, concrete floor slabs at Teotihuacan that date to about this time exceed many present-day building requirements. While the earliest known samples are from the first century A.D., scholars believe that "their degree of perfection could not have been instantaneously created, but rather would have required a considerable period of development" before then. Hyman asks, "Were these materials invented by indigenous unnamed people far preceding the occupation of Teotihuacan, or were they introduced by an exotic culture." In its references to "cement," the Book of Mormon anticipates what has now been well established.[1]
Answer
==
Cement is not anachronistic. The Book of Mormon places it in exactly the right spot and time period for Mesoamerican use of this building material.
== Notes ==
Further reading
FairMormon Answers articles
Book of Mormon/Anachronisms/Cement
FairMormon web site
- Matthew Roper, "Right on Target: Boomerang Hits and the Book of Mormon" FAIR link
External links
- "Cement in the Book of Mormon," (Provo, Utah: FARMS).off-site
- Matthew G. Wells and John W. Welch, "Concrete Evidence for the Book of Mormon," Insights (May 1991), 2.
- Matthew G. Wells and John W. Welch, "Concrete Evidence for the Book of Mormon," in Reexploring the Book of Mormon, edited by John W. Welch (Provo, Utah: FARMS, 1992), 212–214.GL direct link
Printed material
- David S. Hyman, A Study of the Calcareous Cements in Prehispanic Mesoamerican Building Construction (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, 1970).