
FAIR is a non-profit organization dedicated to providing well-documented answers to criticisms of the doctrine, practice, and history of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.
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# Polygamie war gegen das Gesetz und daher nicht richtig | # Polygamie war gegen das Gesetz und daher nicht richtig | ||
# Polygamie entsprang den fleischlichen Gelüsten von Joseph Smith | # Polygamie entsprang den fleischlichen Gelüsten von Joseph Smith | ||
# Joseph begehrte, junge Frauen zu heiraten | |||
# Joseph heiratete Frauen, die schon mit anderen Männern verheiratet waren. (Polyandryie). | |||
*[http://en.fairmormon.org/Joseph_Smith/Polygamy/CriticalSources Quellen der Kritik] | *[http://en.fairmormon.org/Joseph_Smith/Polygamy/CriticalSources Quellen der Kritik] | ||
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===Gedrucktes Material=== | ===Gedrucktes Material=== | ||
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<onlyinclude> | |||
=[[Joseph Smith/Polygamy|Joseph Smith and polygamy]]= | |||
<noinclude> | |||
=={{Church response}}== | |||
From 1912, by a member of the First Presidency: | |||
:'''Question 18''': Was Joseph Smith, Jr., a polygamist? | |||
:'''Answer''': Joseph Smith introduced and practiced plural marriage. The proofs of this are abundant and complete.{{ref|penrose1}} | |||
{{CriticalSources}} | |||
=={{Conclusion label}}== | |||
Plural marriage was perhaps the greatest challenge to the early members of the Church. Critics are anxious to avoid putting the choices of early members in context, in an effort to make the early members look like reprobates or dupes. In doing so, they hope to discourage those who hear their version of events from even considering whether these men were true prophets of God. | |||
={{Topics label}}= | |||
</noinclude> | |||
==Einführung der Vielehe== | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Polygamy book/Initiation of the practice | |||
|subject=Initiation of the practice | |||
|summary=When and how did plural marriage begin in the Church? | |||
}} | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Works of Abraham|subject=Works of Abraham | |||
|summary=D&C 132 tells Joseph and others to "do the works of Abraham." What are the "works of Abraham?" | |||
}} | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Not Biblical | |||
|subject=Claims that polygamy is not Biblical | |||
|summary=The criticism that polygamy is irreligious appeals to western sensibilities which favor monogamy, and argues that polygamy is inconsistent with biblical Christianity or (ironically) the Book of Mormon itself. | |||
}} | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Mormonism and polygamy/Book of Mormon condemns the practice | |||
|subject=Does the Book of Mormon condemn polygamy? | |||
|summary=Critics use the Book of Jacob to show that the Book of Mormon condemns the practice of polygamy, and go on to claim that Joseph Smith ignored this restriction by introducing the doctrine of plural marriage. | |||
}} | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Mormonism and polygamy/Early Christians on plural marriage | |||
|subject=Early Christians on plural marriage | |||
|summary=There is extensive, unequivocal evidence that polygamous relationships were condoned under various circumstances by biblical prophets, despite how uncomfortable this might make a modern Christian. Elder Orson Pratt was widely viewed as the victor in a three-day debate on this very point with Reverend John P. Newman, Chaplain of the U.S. Senate, in 1870.{{ref|newmanpratt1}} | |||
}} | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Polygamists are to go beyond normal "bounds" | |||
|subject=Claims that polygamists are allowed to go beyond normal "bounds" | |||
|summary=Critics claim that Joseph Smith and Brigham Young admitted that the practice of polygamy meant they were "free to go beyond the normal 'bounds'" and "the normal rules governing social interaction had not applied to" Joseph. | |||
}} | |||
==Critics' claimed motivations for Joseph's implementation of plural marriage== | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Lustful motives | |||
|subject=Did Joseph have "lustful motives" for practicing polygamy? | |||
|summary=Neutral observers have long understood that this attack is probably the weakest of them all. One might reasonably hold the opinion that Joseph was wrong, but in the face of the documentary evidence it is laughable to argue that he and his associates were insincere or that they were practicing their religion only for power and to satisfy carnal desires. Those who insist that “sex is the answer” reveal more about their own limited perspective than they do of the minds of the early Saints. }} | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Youthful struggle with unchastity | |||
|subject=Critical claims that Joseph had a youthful struggle with unchastity | |||
|summary=Some critics charge that Joseph Smith had youthful struggles with immoral actions. They claim that these are what eventually led him to teach the doctrine of plural marriage. | |||
}} | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Polygamy book/Early womanizer | |||
|subject=Early womanizer | |||
|summary=Critics charge that Joseph Smith had a long history of "womanizing" before practicing plural marriage. This chapter includes Eliza Winters and Marinda Nancy Johnson. | |||
}} | |||
==Keeping plural marriage a secret== | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Hiding the truth | |||
|subject=Hiding the truth about polygamy | |||
|summary=It is true that Joseph did not always tell others about plural marriage. He did, however, make some attempt to teach the doctrine to the Saints. It is thus important to realize that the public preaching of polygamy—or announcing it to the general Church membership, thereby informing the public by proxy—was simply not a feasible plan. Critics of Joseph's choice want their audience to ignore the danger to him and the Saints. | |||
}} | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Illegal | |||
|subject=Illegal to practice polygamy? | |||
|summary=Polygamy was certainly declared illegal during the Utah-era anti-polygamy crusade, and was arguably illegal under the Illinois anti-bigamy statutes. This is hardly new information, and Church members and their critics knew it. Modern members of the Church generally miss the significance of this fact, however: the practice of polygamy was a clear case of civil disobedience. | |||
}} | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/"Love letters" | |||
|subject=Did Joseph write secret "love letters" to any of his polygamous wives? | |||
|summary=Critics claim that on 18 August 1842 Joseph Smith wrote a “love letter” to Sarah Ann Whitney requesting a secret rendezvous or "tryst." Joseph had been sealed to Sarah Ann three weeks prior to this time. What does this letter actually say? | |||
}} | |||
==Entering into plural marriage== | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Plural wives | |||
|subject=Plural wives of Joseph Smith, Jr. | |||
|summary=Critical claims related to specific plural wives of Joseph Smith, Jr. | |||
}} | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Marriages to young women | |||
|subject=Why was Joseph sealed to young women? | |||
|summary=Critics argue that Joseph Smith's polygamous marriages to young women are evidence that he was immoral, perhaps even a pedophile.}} | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Fanny Alger and William McLellin | |||
|subject=Fanny Alger and William McLellin | |||
|summary=With a lone exception, there is no account after Joseph’s death of Emma admitting Joseph’s plural marriages in any source. The reported exception is recorded in a newspaper article and two letters written by excommunicated Latter-day Saint apostle William E. McLellin. The former apostle claimed to have visited Emma in 1847 and to have discussed Joseph’s relationship with Fanny Alger. McLellin also reported a tale he had heard about Joseph and Fanny Alger in which they were allegedly observed by Emma together in the barn. | |||
}} | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Women locked in a room | |||
|subject=Women locked in a room | |||
|summary=Were women locked in a room while Joseph attempted to persuade them? | |||
}} | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Did women turn Joseph down | |||
|subject=Did women turn Joseph down? | |||
|summary=Some critics have claimed that significant pressure was put on women to practice plural marriage in Nauvoo. Did any of these women resist or refuse? What were the consequences of doing so? | |||
}} | |||
==Complex plural marriages== | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Polyandry | |||
|subject=Joseph Smith and polyandry | |||
|summary= Joseph Smith was sealed to women who were married to men who were still living. Some of these men were even active members of the Church. | |||
}}<noinclude> | |||
{{SummaryItem2 | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Zina and Henry Jacobs | |||
|subject=Zina and Henry Jacobs | |||
}}</noinclude> | |||
==How Emma Smith dealt with plural marriage== | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Emma Smith | |||
|subject=What was Emma's reaction to Joseph's practice of polygamy? | |||
|summary=Critics contend that Emma Hale Smith either did not approve of the Prophet Joseph Smith having plural wives or know of the revelation concerning celestial marriage(s). | |||
}}<noinclude> | |||
{{SummaryItem2 | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Emma Smith/Eliza R. Snow and the stairs | |||
|subject=Eliza R. Snow and the stairs|summary=Some charge that Eliza R. Snow, one of Joseph's plural wives, was pregnant by Joseph. According to the claim, a furious Emma pushed Eliza down the stairs, resulting in a miscarriage. | |||
}} | |||
{{SummaryItem2 | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Emma Smith/Emma to be annihilated|subject=Emma to be annihilated | |||
|summary=In the revelation D&C 132 Emma was promised annihilation if she failed to 'abide this commandment.' | |||
}} | |||
{{SummaryItem2 | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Emma Smith/Sealing | |||
|subject=Sealing of Emma to Joseph|summary=Critics contend that although Emma Hale Smith was Joseph's first wife, that Joseph was sealed to other wives before being sealed to Emma. The assumption follows that Emma was not in a position to consent to Joseph's other marriages, since she was not longer the "first wife." | |||
}}</noinclude> | |||
==Consequences of plural marriage== | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Children of polygamous marriages | |||
|subject=Did Joseph have any children through polygamous marriages? | |||
|summary=Critics claim that Joseph Smith fathered children with some of his plural wives, and that he covered up the evidence of pregnancies. They also claim that Joseph Smith had intimate relations with other men’s wives to whom he had been sealed, and that children resulted from these unions. DNA testing has so far proven these allegations to be false. | |||
}} | |||
==Other issues related to the practice of polygamy== | |||
{{SummaryItem | |||
|link=Joseph Smith/Polygamy/Sealing brother and sister together | |||
|subject=Sealing brother and sister together | |||
|summary=Critics announce that Joseph "sealed" brothers and sisters together, perhaps hoping that readers will conclude that brothers and sisters were thus married and engaging in incestuous relationships. | |||
}} | |||
=={{Endnotes label}}== | |||
#{{note|penrose1}}{{IE|author=Charles W. Penrose|article=Peculiar Questions Briefly Answered|date=September 1912|vol=15|num=11}} | |||
#{{note|newmanpratt1}}Orson Pratt and John Philip Newman, “Does the Bible Sanction Polygamy?” ''Deseret News'', 12–14 August 1874. | |||
#{{note|shaw1}} Bernard Shaw, ''The Future of Political Science in America; an Address by Mr. Bernard Shaw to the Academy of Political Science, at the Metropolitan Opera House, New York, on the 11th. April, 1933'' (New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1933) as cited in Richard Vetterli, ''Mormonism Americanism and Politics'' (Salt Lake City: Ensign Publishing, 1961), 461–462. | |||
#{{note|by1}} {{JDfairwiki|author=Brigham Young|title=Plurality of Wives—The Free Agency of Man|date=14 July 1855|vol=3|disc=39|start=266|end=266}} | |||
#{{note|jt1}} Van Wagoner, ''Mormon Polygamy'', 89. | |||
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Kritiker greifen Joseph Smith an, weil er die Polygamie einführte und praktizierte. Diese Angriffe beinhalten üblicherweise:
Die Vielehe ist ein sehr komplexes Thema und kann hier nicht erschöpfend behandelt werden. Besonders aus den letzten Jahren gibt es eine Menge Veröffentlichungen, die sich mit dem Thema beschäftigen, die meisten bisher leider nur in Englisch.
Die Kritik, Polygamie sei unchristlich entspricht dem westlichen Empfinden, besonders stark dem in Neuengland (der Heimat der frühen Führer der HLT Kirche) traditionellen Puritanismus. Es gibt jedoch eine Fülle von unwiderlegbaren Beweisen, dass polygame Beziehungen unter verschiedenen Umständen von biblischen Propheten geduldet wurden, wie unangenehm diese Tastsache heutigen Christen auch sein mag. Elder Orson Pratt wurde in einem dreitägigen Streitgespräch über diesen Punkt mit Reverend John P. Newman, Kaplan des US Senats im Jahr 1870 weithin als Sieger betrachtet.[1]
Auch wenn es keine solchen Beispielsfälle in den Schriften gegeben würde, hätte die HLT Theologie keine Probleme damit, neue Gebote anzunehmen und sie umzusetzen, da die Heiligen der Letzten Tage an fortdauernde Offenbarung glauben.
Detaillierte Informationen: Mehrfachehe ist nicht biblisch? und Frühe Christen über die Mehrfachehe
Es stimmt, Joseph Smith hat nicht immer anderen von der Vielehe erzählt. Er hat jedoch einige Versuche unternommen, die Heiligen diesen Grundsatz zu lehren.
Ein zeitgenössischer Tagebucheintrag beschreibt die Reaktion:
Joseph versuchte die Lehre zu verkünden, doch wurde sie von vielen Heiligen, einschließlich seiner eigenen Frau Emma verworfen. Joseph fing dann an, die Lehre denjenigen, die gehorchen würden, unter vier Augen nahezubringen.
Die Lehre geheimzuhalten war auch deshalb notwendig, da die Feinde der Kirche sie als eine weitere Rechtfertigung für ihre Angriffe genutzt hätten. Orson Hyde erinnert sich an die Tage in Nauvoo und zeigt, was die Folgen einer öffentlichen Darlegung der Vielehe gewesen wären:
Es ist also wichtig zu verstehen, dass öffentliches Predigen von Polygamie oder sie der gesamten Kirchenmitgliedschaft zu verkünden und sie damit stellvertretend der Öffentlichkeit mitzuteilen, einfach kein durchführbarer Plan war. Jene, die die Entscheidung von Joseph Smith kritisieren, ignorieren die Gefahr, die ihm und den Heiligen drohte.
Ganz sicher wurde während des Antipolygamiekreuzzuges in der Utahzeit, Polygamie als ungesetzlich erklärt und war wohl auch unter dem Antibigamiegesetz in Illinois ungesetzlich. Das ist kaum eine neue Information und sowohl die Kirchenmitglieder, als auch ihre Kritiker wussten das. Heutigen Mitgliedern der Kirche ist häufig die Bedeutung dieser Tatsache nicht klar, dennoch: Polygamie auszuüben war ein klarer Fall von zivilem Ungehorsam.
Ein Grundsatz der Kirche ist es, das Gesetz zu ehren und zu befolgen. Sie glaubt aber nicht daran, dass die Mitglieder ihre religiösen Glaubensinhalte oder ihr Gewissen dem Staat unterwerfen müssen. Elder James E. Talmage lehrte, dass Mitglieder dem Gesetz gehorchen sollen, außer Gott gebietet eine Ausnahme:
Es ist nicht überraschend, dass sich diese Frage darauf reduziert, ob Joseph Smith ein Prophet war und ob Gott ihm seine Handlungen gebot.
Neutrale Beobachter haben schon vor langer Zeit erkannt, dass dies das schwächste Argument von allen ist. George Bernard Shaw, gewiss kein Mormone, erklärte:
Als Joseph Smith ihn belehrte, er solle eine Mehrfachehe ausüben, erinnerte sich Brigham Young: "Es war das erstemal in meinem Leben, dass ich das Grab vorgezogen hätte."[7]
John Taylor fühlte ähnlich:
Man kann Bände der frühen Kirchenführer lesen, öffentliche Schriften, spontane Predigten und private Tagebücher. Man kann nachdenken über die hundertausende Meilen, die sie auf Missionsreisen und im Dienste der Kirche zurücklegten. Wenn die Schriften von Joseph Smith, Brigham Young, John Taylor, Wilford Woodruff, Heber C. Kimball, George Q. Cannon und vielen anderen jemanden nicht davon überzeugen kann, dass sie ehrenwerte, wenn auch vielleicht fehlgeleitete, Männer waren, dann sollte man ernsthaft die Frage stellen, ob so jemand überhaupt im Stande ist, mit Nächstenliebe auf irgend einen Mormonen zu blicken.
Wie der evangelische Theologe Ernst Benz schrieb:
Die Vielehe war wohl die größte Herausforderung für die frühen Kirchenmitglieder. Kritiker sind ängstlich darum bemüht, die Entscheidungen der frühen Mitglieder nicht in ihren Zusammenhang zu stellen. Indem sie das tun, wollen sie die frühen Mitglieder als lasterhaft oder als Tölpel erscheinen lassen. Damit hoffen sie, dass jene, die ihre Version der Geschehnisse hören, nicht einmal mehr in Betracht ziehen, dass diese Männer wahre Propheten Gottes gewesen sein könnten.
Mehrfachehe |
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