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:And as the presbyters say, Then those who are deemed worthy of an abode in heaven shall go there, others shall enjoy the delights of paradise, and others shall possess the splendour of the city; for everywhere the Saviour shall be seen according as they who see Him shall be worthy. [They say, moreover], that there is this distinction between the habitation of those who produce an hundred-fold, and that of those who produce sixty-fold, and that of those who produce thirty-fold: for the first will be taken up into the heavens, the second will dwell in paradise, the last will inhabit the city; and that was on this account the Lord declared, "In My Father's house are many mansions." For all things belong to God, who supplies all with a suitable dwelling-place; even as His Word says, that a share is allotted to all by the Father, according as each person is or shall be worthy. And this is the couch on which the guests shall recline, having been invited to the wedding. The presbyters, the disciples of the Apostles, affirm that this is the gradation and arrangement of those who are saved, and that they advance through steps of this nature; also that they ascend through the Spirit to the Son, and through the Son to the Father, and that in due time the Son will yield up His work to the Father, even as it is said by the Apostle, "For He must reign till He hath put all enemies under His feet. The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death."{{ref|fn203}} | :And as the presbyters say, Then those who are deemed worthy of an abode in heaven shall go there, others shall enjoy the delights of paradise, and others shall possess the splendour of the city; for everywhere the Saviour shall be seen according as they who see Him shall be worthy. [They say, moreover], that there is this distinction between the habitation of those who produce an hundred-fold, and that of those who produce sixty-fold, and that of those who produce thirty-fold: for the first will be taken up into the heavens, the second will dwell in paradise, the last will inhabit the city; and that was on this account the Lord declared, "In My Father's house are many mansions." For all things belong to God, who supplies all with a suitable dwelling-place; even as His Word says, that a share is allotted to all by the Father, according as each person is or shall be worthy. And this is the couch on which the guests shall recline, having been invited to the wedding. The presbyters, the disciples of the Apostles, affirm that this is the gradation and arrangement of those who are saved, and that they advance through steps of this nature; also that they ascend through the Spirit to the Son, and through the Son to the Father, and that in due time the Son will yield up His work to the Father, even as it is said by the Apostle, "For He must reign till He hath put all enemies under His feet. The last enemy that shall be destroyed is death."{{ref|fn203}} | ||
[http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemens_von_Alexandria Clemens von Alexandria] also expressed belief in the three degrees, and echoed the Lord's revelation to Joseph Smith that those in the highest degree "are gods, even the sons of God." ({{s||DC|76|58}}) | |||
:Conformably, therefore, there are various abodes, according to the worth of those who have believed . . . . These chosen abodes, which are three, are indicated by the numbers in the Gospel--the thirty, the sixty, the hundred. And the perfect inheritance belongs to those who attain to "a perfect man," according to the image of the Lord . . . . To the likeness of God, then, he that is introduced into adoption and the friendship of God, to the just inheritance of the lords and gods is brought; if he be perfected, according to the Gospel, as the Lord Himself taught.{{ref|fn204}} | :Conformably, therefore, there are various abodes, according to the worth of those who have believed . . . . These chosen abodes, which are three, are indicated by the numbers in the Gospel--the thirty, the sixty, the hundred. And the perfect inheritance belongs to those who attain to "a perfect man," according to the image of the Lord . . . . To the likeness of God, then, he that is introduced into adoption and the friendship of God, to the just inheritance of the lords and gods is brought; if he be perfected, according to the Gospel, as the Lord Himself taught.{{ref|fn204}} |
Kritiker behaupten, das die Lehre über die drei Grade himmlischer Herrlichkeit keine Grundlage in der Bibel hat.
Die Bibel zeigt klar, dass die gesamte Menschheit „nach ihren Werken gerichtet wird." (Offenbarung 20:12) Und wenn es so ist, wären dann die Verdienste eines jeden nicht völlig unterschiedlich? Jesus bestand darauf, dass im Hause seines Vaters viele verschiedene Wohnungen seien, (Johannes 14:2), und Paulus schrieb dass beim Jüngsten Gericht die Werke eines jeden seinem Lohn hinzugefügt werden können oder verbrannt werden, doch in beiden Fällen würde er erlöst werden: „Das Werk eines jeden wird offenbar werden; jener Tag wird es sichtbar machen, weil es im Feuer offenbart wird. Das Feuer wird prüfen, was das Werk eines jeden taugt. Hält das stand, was er aufgebaut hat, so empfängt er Lohn. Brennt es nieder, dann muss er den Verlust tragen. Er selbst aber wird gerettet werden, doch so wie durch Feuer hindurch." 13 (1. Korinther 3:13-15) Paulus erwähnte auch, dass er eine Vision gesehen hatte über „den dritten Himmel." (2. Korinther 12:2) Deshalb kann man logischerweise aus diesen Schriftstellen schlussfolgern, dass diejenigen, die die Erlösung empfangen, verschiedene Verdienste innerhalb von mindestens drei Himmeln oder drei Graden der Herrlichkeit empfangen werden. Dennoch muss eingeräumt werden, dass diese Tatsache nicht ausdrücklich in der Bibel steht, und so ist es verständlich, dass die christliche Welt viele Jahrhunderte lang erfüllt war von der Lehre über einen einzigen Himmel und einer einzigen Hölle.
Während Joseph Smith und Sidney Rigdon über die Bedeutung gewisser der vorher genannten Passagen in der Bibel nachsannen, wurde ihnen eine äußerst eindrucksvolle Vision des Schicksals der Menschheit nach der allgemeinen Auferstehung und dem Gericht zuteil, die eine Beschreibung der drei Hauptreiche der Herrlichkeit einschloss. (LuB 76) Sie erfuhren, dass das erste Reich, celestial genannt, von denen bewohnt wird, die durch den Glauben an Jesus Christus überwunden haben (LuB 76:50-70, 92-96), einschließlich der verstorbenen Kinder und denen, die das Evangelium in diesem Leben angenommen hätten, aber nicht die Chance dazu hatten, ehe sie die Geisterwelt erreichten.(LuB 137:1-10) Das zweite Reich, terrestial genannt, wird von guten Menschen bewohnt, die gerecht und gütig waren aber nicht standhaft in ihrem Zeugnis von Jesus. Ebenso jene, die das Evangelium in diesem Leben abgelehnt haben, es aber danach annehmen, werden ihren Lohn in diesem Reich empfangen. ((LuB 76:71-80,91,97)[1] Das dritte oder telestiale Reich der Herrlichkeit wird den allgemein auf Erden schlechten Menschen gegeben, die ihren gesamten Aufenthalt in der Geisterwelt in der Hölle verbrachten und nicht würdig sind für eine höhere Herrlichkeit. ((LuB 76:81-90,98-112)
Noch ein Unterschied zwischen diesen Reichen der Herrlichkeit ist, dass alle, die die celestiale Herrlichkeit erlangen, in der Gegenwart des Vaters selbst sich befinden werden, während jene im terrestialen Reich die Gegenwart des Sohnes erlangen werden, und jene, die das telestiale Reich ererben, den Heiligen Geist haben, der ihnen dient. ((LuB 76:62,77,86)
Was für ein wunderbares Licht diese Vision auf diese obscuren Schriftstellen geworfen hat, z.B. wie gut es tut zu wissen, dass es drei Himmel gibt, wenn jemand nichts darüber weiß! Ein anderes Beispiel wie eine Schriftstelle durch diese Offenbarung erhellt wird, ist die Beschreibung von Paulus über Herrlichkeit des auferstandenen Körpers:
In der Vision der Reiche der Herrlichkeit offenbarte Der Herr, dass diese Schriftstelle nicht nur ein Vergleich der irischen Körper mit himmlischen ist, sondern auch ein Bezug zu der Tatsache, dass es drei verschiedene Grade der Herrlichkeiten gibt, zu dem ein Körper auferstehen kann.
Origenes offenbarte im dritten Jahrhundert, dass die frühe Kirche diese Schriftstelle auf eben diese Weise interpretierte:
Außerdem erklärt er, dass der Höchste dieser drei Grade mit dem Vater verbunden ist und der zweite mit dem Sohn:
Wir werden auch sehen, das die Lehre des Orignes über den vierten Gred für die sehr schlechten ziemlich übereinstimmend ist mit dem HLT-Glauben.
Johannes Chrysostomos war ein weiterer Zeuge der Tatsache, dass die frühe Kirche diese Schriftstelle für einen Beleg hielt über die Grade der Vergeltung im Jenseits.
Diese Lehre geht jedoch viel weiter zurück als bis auf Origenes und Chrysostom. Irenaeus bewahrte die gleiche Tradition, die vermutlich von den Ältesten kamen, die die Apostel kannten. Viele denken, er habe sie von Papias erhalten:
Clemens von Alexandria also expressed belief in the three degrees, and echoed the Lord's revelation to Joseph Smith that those in the highest degree "are gods, even the sons of God." (Vorlage:Scripture)
Clement also preached that the three gradations of glory are procured by virtue of three types of actions:
Actually, there were several schemes for the structure of the heavens, with different numbers of heavens which varied also in their contents.[8] But even where three degrees were not specifically mentioned, it was maintained that various gradations of the elect exist. For example, Similitude 8 in the Pastor of Hermas discusses various types of elect. The editors of one collection of early Christian documents preface the chapter with this summary: "That there are many kinds of elect, and of repenting sinners: and how all of them shall receive a reward proportionable to the measure of their repentance and good works."[9]
Jesus, in the Epistle of the Apostles, made a distinction between the "elect" and "most elect."[10] And consistent with this, the Jewish Christian Clementine Recognitions reduced the number of heavens to two.[11]
One of the most popular schemes was that of seven heavens. Daniélou asserts that the idea of seven heavens was first introduced by certain Jewish Christian groups and "derives from oriental, Irano-Babylonian influences," while the older Jewish apocalyptic tradition and many other early Christian groups held to the three heavens scheme.[12] However, it appears that the seven heavens may originally have been consistent with the three heavens doctrine. For example, we have seen that Irenaeus preserved Papias's doctrine of three heavens, but in another passage he asserted that "the earth is encompassed by seven heavens, in which dwell Powers and Angels and Archangels, giving homage to the Almighty God who created all things . . . ."[13] As Daniélou points out, since the seven heavens were the dwelling places of angels, they probably were thought to have been gradations within the second of the three principal heavens.[14]
As we noted in the discussion of the nature of the spirit world, both the Latter-day Saints and the early Christians have taught that the "hell" associated with the spirit world will have an end. It should be noted here, however, that there will be an everlasting hell after the resurrection, and the promise of eternal punishment is very real for those who in this life and the next not only reject Christ and His Kingdom, but who consciously fight against it once they have received a witness of its truth. The Lord revealed to the Prophet that those who deny the Holy Ghost, and thus committing the unpardonable sin, will be given a kingdom of totally without glory called "outer darkness":
Similarly, both the gnostic Christian Gospel of Philip and the Pastor of Hermas describe the denizens of "outer darkness" as those who have made a conscious and specific choice to rebel against God:
Origen taught that the wicked in outer darkness would be devoid of intelligence, and possessed of bodies stripped of all glory.
Finally, the Lord told Joseph Smith that He never fully reveals to men the punishments of outer darkness, but only brief visions thereof. Consider the wording of this revelation as compared to that used by Jesus in the apocryphal Gospel of Bartholomew:
We have seen that the doctrine of degrees of glory was soon confused so that a number of schemes, notably that of seven heavens, were adopted, but it was always clear to everyone that there were different degrees of glory in the heavens. So how was this enlightening doctrine lost? Its fate is not completely clear, but the example of Jovinian, a monk from Milan who preached around the turn of the fifth century, may be instructive. Clark describes Jovinian's teaching, and Jerome's reaction to it: "Jovinian's view, that there are only two categories, the saved and the damned, is assessed by Jerome as more akin to the philosophy of the Old Stoics than that of Christians."[19] Therefore, once again an older Christian doctrine was replaced by the speculations of a Greek philosophical school.
It is clear that Joseph Smith went far beyond the information found in the Bible concerning the degrees of glory in the resurrection. However, it is equally clear that many of those extra details he included are corroborated by the testimony of the early Christian writers—and this to such an extent that it is hard to explain the phenomenon as mere coincidence.
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